FOUNDATION IN CRIMINOLOGY

By: Cathrin S Ruaya

TOPICS
• CRIME MAPPING
• CRIME PATERNS
• THE ECOLOGY OF CRIME
• USE OF FIREARMS
• SOCIAL CLASS,SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS
AND CRIME
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OBJECTIVE
• TO BE ABLE DISCUSS CRIME MAPPING, CRIME
PATTERN, ECOLOGY OF CRIME AND SOCIAL
CLASS,SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND CRIME
• TO SHARE INFORMATION ON THE SCENARIOS TO
ALLOW THE USE OF FIREARMS
• TO IDENTIFY THE TYPES OF PATTERNS OF CRIMES

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 CRIME MAPPING
• used by analysts in law enforcement agencies to map, visualize,
and analyze crime incident patterns.
• the geographical exploration and visualization of crime.
• is a very important tool in managing and controlling crime in an
area. By analyzing the spatial and temporal data provided by maps
investigator are able to understand the crime patterns and trend it
also help in resource allocation and in geographic profiling of
criminals and suspicious locations.
• to identify crime hot spots, along with other trends and patterns.

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 Crime hot spots-areas that have high crime intensity.
• Used to identify and highlight suspicious incidents and events
that may require further investigation
• Helps to reveal patterns and trend
• Identifies risk factors in business buildings and other location
that draw crime
• Can link modus operand and suspect information to specific
crime location
• Most importantly crime mapping makes the work of law
enforcement easier

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 CRIME MAPPING IN THE PHILIPPINES
 The "Police Regional Office Cordillera Web-based Crime Mapping"
allows the general public and the community to view up to date
crime incidents within the region.

 GUIDE IN ACCESSING WEB CRIME MAPPING IN

CORDILLERA

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 You can search and can also limit the crimes you want to view by specifying a date
range. First, you must enter a 'From' or starting date which should be earlier than the
'To' or ending date. When you click on date field provided, a calendar will be provided.
You must select a date and time, and then hit the 'Done' button. Use the 'Now' button
to capture the current date and time.

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 You will be able to get basic information
about the crime

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SAMPLE OF MANUAL CRIME MAPPING

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CRIME PATTERN
• is a group of two or more crimes reported to or discovered by police that
are unique because they meet each of the following conditions:
– They share at least one commonality in the type of crime;
behavior of the offenders or victims; characteristics of the
offender(s), victims, or targets; property taken; or the
locations of occurrence;
– There is no known relationship between victim(s) and
offender(s)
– The shared commonalities make the set of crimes notable and
distinct from other criminal
– activity occurring within the same general date range;

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 – The criminal activity is typically of limited duration, ranging
from weeks to months in length
– The set of related crimes is treated as one unit of analysis and
is addressed through focused police efforts and tactics.

Pattern identification is more than just counting and

summarizing crimes that are similar in characteristics and/or
location. A crime pattern is not simply a list
or count of all crime within a defined date range, nor is it simply
a cluster of incidents on a map. A crime
pattern is identified through a systematic, deductive analytical
process, subsequently communicated to
police agencies via some form of bulletin.
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Crime Pattern Types
1. Series: A group of similar crimes thought to be committed by the same
individual or group of individuals acting in concert.
2. Spree: A specific type of series characterized by high frequency of
criminal activity within a remarkably short time frame, to the extent that
the activity appears almost continuous.
3. Hot Prey: A group of crimes committed by one or more individuals,
involving victims who share similar physical characteristics and/or engage
in similar behavior.
4. Hot Product: A group of crimes committed by one or more individuals in
which a unique type of property is targeted for theft.
5. Hot Spot: A group of similar crimes committed by one or more
individuals at locations within close proximity to one another.
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6. Hot Place: A group of similar crimes committed by one or more individuals
at the same location.
7. Hot Setting: A group of similar crimes committed by one or more
individuals that are primarily related by type of place where crimes
occurred.

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 Pattern Type Examples
Pattern Residential Burglary Commercial Robbery
Type
Series A burglar enters 23 houses over June, July, and August, Over a three-month period, the same group of
circumventing alarm systems in the same way each time teenagers holds up eight convenience store
and stealing jewelry as well as silver items. clerks at knifepoint to steal cash.

Spree On a Tuesday morning, six apartments in the same An armed, masked man holds up a grocery
building have their front doors kicked open and store, a drug store, and a department store, all
electronics stolen from the living room. in the same plaza, within a few hours on a
Saturday afternoon.

Hot Seven burglaries occurred in which unidentified suspects Over a two-month period, pizza delivery drivers
entered four single family homes and two apartments in have been robbed at gunpoint by different
Prey various locations around the city, taking cash and other suspects while delivering fraudulently-placed
small valuables while the elderly victims were asleep. orders.

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Hot In the first week since its release, the latest tablet
Product computer has been stolen during seven
residential burglaries and five thefts from coffee
shops.
Hot Spot Ten houses in a new subdivision are
burglarized over one month during
construction, with copper wire, appliances,
piping, and tools stolen. There is no suspect
information.
Hot Place Five apartment units in the same complex
have been burglarized over two months with
two of the units being hit twice (for a total of
seven burglaries). The burglaries happen both
during the day and evening, and a variety of
property is taken (e.g., cash, electronics, and
bicycles).
Hot Twelve burglaries from homes with open garage
doors occur in the late afternoon and evening
Setting hours throughout the city. Property stolen includes
bicycles, tools, golf clubs, and other easily portable
goods.
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Over the past month, six different gas stations
and liquor stores have been robbed by different
offenders who specifically demand cartons of
cigarettes.
Five individuals have been robbed while
walking to their cars at night in downtown
parking lots. Different suspects have been
described in each case.
A single liquor store is robbed four separate
times in July and August by different suspects
looking for cash and alcohol.
Fifteen drug store pharmacies are robbed by
different offenders looking for painkillers.
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ECOLOGY OF CRIME
• Ecology may be defined as the study of relationship between
organisms and their physical and social environments.
• ecology of crime may be studied in terms of location of
criminal or residences of delinquents or some supposed
influence upon crime which has distribution in terms of space
and topography according to Donald Taft.

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SOCIAL ECOLOGY OF CRIME
• may be defined as the study of the social and behavioural consequences
of the interaction between human beings and their environment.
• It explores how the exposure to different environments influences human
development and action. It focuses on the role of environment in the
development of people’s differential propensity to engage in crime and
their differential exposure to settings conducive to engagement in acts of
crime. From these definitions, it can be inferred that ecology of crime
includes the analysis of the role played by family background,
neighbourhood, area of residence, values and socio-cultural patterns,
topography, etc. in breeding criminality. For the purpose of evaluating the
role played by these factors, the following theories have been
propounded within the broad framework of ecology of crime.
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• Policy impacts of work on the ecology of crime have been several. Since
the early 1900s, city programs have targeted some of the areas where
youths are at greatest risk of delinquency. More recently more refined
geographic analyses of crime have concentrated enforcement efforts on
crime "hot spots"—locations where police are called repeatedly to deal
with crimes or disturbances. These targeted interventions can under some
conditions have some deterrent or preventive impacts.
• In addition, after having fallen out of favor in the 1960s and 1970s,
interest in the ecology of crime has increased in recent years and
sociologists generally are discovering "neighborhood effects" in a range of
topic areas. Nonetheless, one of the biggest factors holding work in this
area back is the lack of routinely updated data that includes community
characteristics, police calls for service and crime data, and social
disorganization versus collective efficacy indicators for a number of
neighborhoods in a number of cities.
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USE OF FIREARMS
• Firearm means a barrelled weapon from which any shot, bullet or other
projectile can be discharged and that is capable of causing serious bodily
injury or death to a person, and includes any frame or receiver of such a
barrelled weapon and anything that can be adapted for use as a firearm;
• are weapons regardless of the intention of the holder.
• use of a firearm must be more than mere possession and can be less than
discharging it.
• striking a person with it
• pointing the firearm at a person
• holding it to intimidate
• brandishing the firearm
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WHEN TO USE AND NOT TO USE FIRE ARMS
• firearms should not be used except when a suspected offender offers
armed resistance or otherwise jeopardizes the lives of others and less
extreme measures are not sufficient to restrain or apprehend the
suspected offender
• Law enforcement officials shall not use firearms against persons except in
self-defence or defence of others against the imminent threat of death or
serious injury, to prevent the perpetration of a particularly serious crime
involving grave threat to life, to arrest a person presenting such a danger
and resisting their authority, or to prevent his or her escape, and only
when less extreme means are insufficient to achieve these objectives.

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Scenarios may allow the use of firearms when less
extreme means of force are insufficient:
• In defence against imminent threat of death or serious injury.
• To prevent a particularly serious crime involving grave threat
to life.
• To enable a person resisting arrest to be arrested if he or she is
about to commit a particularly serious crime that involves
grave threat to life.
• To prevent a person resisting arrest from escaping where he or
she is about to commit a particularly serious crime that
involves grave threat to life
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Importance of training
• all law enforcement officials are "provided with
training and are tested in accordance with
appropriate proficiency standards in the use of
force". It further calls for law enforcement officials
who carry firearms to be authorized to do so "only
upon completion of special training in their use".

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Social Class, Socioeconomic Conditions,
and Crime
• Social class and crime are connected in a magnitude of ways. Those from
lower economic strata are more likely to be arrested, convicted, and
incarcerated for crimes than are more affluent individuals.
• criminal activity by the wealthy may pose a greater financial cost to
society, affluent individuals are less likely to be caught and convicted of
crimes. Additionally, white-collar crimes have traditionally been treated
less severely by the criminal justice system than street crimes.

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Socioeconomic Conditions, and Crime
• It is closely related to poverty, social exclusion, wage and income
inequality, cultural and family background, level of education and other
economic and social factors that may affect individual’s propensity to
commit crimes such as cultural characteristics, age and sex.
• Social and economic disadvantage has been found to be strongly
associated with crime, particularly the most serious offences including
assault, robbery and homicide. Data collected on offenders shows that
they tend to be unemployed or employed in low-paying, unskilled jobs.

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 The End

Thank You!

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References:
• FREDRICK OMBATI OGETO,CRIME MAPPING ANALYSIS, CCP 407
• International Association of Crime Analysts (IACA),Crime Pattern
Definitions for Tactical Analysis,/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/
• Ecology of Crime by Dhruv S. Patel
• The use of firearms By; UNDOC/unodc.org
• https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/csj-sjc/crime/rr06_6/rr06_6.pdf
• https://ideas.repec.org/p/mib/wpaper/63.html
• Social Class and Crime,Bryan Lee Miller

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