Norton University

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Subject: Writing Skill II
Lecturer:
Mr. Sang Sambor
- Master Arts in English (MA)
- Bachelor of English Literature (TEFL)
 Essay
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What is an Essay?

❖An Essay is a group of related

paragraphs developing one
central point which is the topic.
 Essay
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❖An Essay is a group of related

paragraphs that we write about a
topic.

❖An Essay is a hamburger.

Essay
 Essay
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Why?
The Introductory
Paragraph

Body Paragraph(s)

The Concluding Paragraph

Paragraph Elements
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I. Topic Sentence
Paragraph

II. Supporting Sentences

+ Major 1 + minors
+ Major 2 + minors
+ Major 3 + minors
III. Concluding Sentence
 Essay Elements
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I. The Introductory Paragraph

II. Body Paragraph(s)
+ Body 1
Essay

+ Body 2
+ Body 3
III. The Concluding Paragraph
 Parts of Essays (Details)
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I. The Introductory Paragraph

II. Body Paragraph(s)

III. The Concluding Paragraph

 Part 1- The Introductory Paragraph
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❖The first paragraph in an essay is called the

introductory paragraph. You need to lead
readers to the subject of the essay in an
interesting way and show them that reading
your essay is worth their time. As a result,
the purpose of the introductory paragraph is:
to get the reader's attention and to introduce
the subject of the essay to them-in that
order.
 Part 1- The Introductory Paragraph
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1. General statements

I. Introduction

2. Thesis Statement
 1. General Statements
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◻Introduce the topic of the essay

◻Give background information on
the topic
◻The first sentence in an
introductory paragraph should be a
very general comment about the
subject.
 1. General Statements
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◻Its purpose is to attract the reader’s

attention and to give background
information on the topic. Each
subsequent sentence should become
more specific than previous one and
finally lead into the thesis
statement.
 2. The Thesis Statement
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◻The thesis statement is the most

important sentence in your essay. It is
the main idea for the whole essay, and
it frequently shows (directly or
indirectly) the number and the content
of the body paragraphs of the essay.
Clear thesis statements are essential for
good essay writing in English.
 2. The Thesis Statement
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◻States the main topic

◻Often lists the subdivisions of the
topic or subtopics (Controlling
Idea)

◻Is usually the last sentence in the

 Parts of the Thesis Statement
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▪The Thesis Statement has two

main parts:

1. Topic

2. Controlling Idea
 Parts of the Thesis Statement
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▪Example
◻ There are three main relationships that dogs
have with people.
◻ Many animals find security in blending in with
their environment.

◻ Being the oldest son has more disadvantages

than advantages.
 Rules of the Thesis Statement
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1. A thesis statement must be a statement,

not a question.

Not a thesis statement: Are dogs good

companions?

Thesis statement: Dogs are good companions.

 Rules of the Thesis Statement
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2. A thesis statement must be a complete

sentence. This means that it must have a
subject and a verb with a tense.
Not a thesis statement:
Living in a city hazardous to your health.
Thesis statement:
Living in a city is hazardous to your health.
 Rules of the Thesis Statement
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3. A thesis statement is an opinion; it cannot

be a simple statement of fact. A fact does not
need any support, and therefore you cannot
write an essay about it.
Not a thesis statement: I have an older brother and
a younger brother.

Thesis statement: I have much more in common

with my younger brother than I do with my older
brother.
 Rules of the Thesis Statement
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4. A thesis statement must state the controlling

idea. This means that you must state your
position on the topic; you cannot simply
announce the topic of your essay.
Not a thesis statement: This essay is about air
pollution.

Thesis statement: Recent methods of reducing air

pollution are showing some positive results.
 Rules of the Thesis Statement
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5. A thesis statement should have only one

controlling idea.

Not a thesis statement: Public transportation in

my hometown is too expensive, and it is slower
than the transportation in Tokyo.

Thesis statement: Public transportation in my

hometown is too expensive.
 Guidelines for a good introduction
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◻ It must be relevant to the topic; that is, it

should not introduce material not covered in
the essay.
◻ It should not preview the points that will
form the body of the essay.
◻ There should be at least two sentences
before the thesis statement. The introductory
paragraph should be a minimum of three
sentences.
 Types of the Introductory Paragraphs
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General to Specific (Funnel Introduction)

◻ This is perhaps the most common type of
introduction. It begins with a general
statement of the larger topic, and then each
sentence narrows it down until you get to the
specific thesis statement. The trick is to start
out general, but not too general. Remember to
keep the introduction relevant. Here is an
example of a general-to-specific introduction.
 Types of the Introductory Paragraphs
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General to Specific (Model Paragraph)
Why Teenagers Join Gangs?
It’s difficult to grow up in this society. A teenager
can get into all kinds of trouble with school,
smoking, drugs, and dating. One of the worst kinds
of trouble that a teenager can get into is getting
involved with a gang. Gang members commit
crimes and get hurt or killed all too often. Why do
teenagers get involved in gangs? I think that gangs
are a direct result of the breakdown of the
traditional family.
 The Introductory Paragraph Samples
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Topic: Internet as a Second Teacher for

Learners
Striving to improve their competencies, students spend
their hectic day to do research in library and try to reach
their friends and teachers to share ideas and experiences.
Surprisingly, because of technological development,
learners just sit down in front of computer and access to
internet to get what they want from varieties of search
engines such as Google, Altavista, Ebay, etc. Because of its
enormously gigantic information sources, internet has
become an endless system which has facilitated the
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Topic: Revolution of English Language in Cambodia

Cambodia is a constitutional monarchy country located in
Southeast Asia. It is a home of more than fourteen million people,
and Khmer is an official language spoken by most of the population.
Besides, French is also a language which has been used in the
government since the time of French colony. Cambodia was
occupied by French colony for nearly a century, and French has been
used widely by Cambodian people in both private and government.
However, thing has not always been the same. English language has
come to Cambodia and changed people’s perception about the
foreign language since the arrival of UNTAC. Since then, English
has revolutionized two important sectors.
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Topic: The Importance of English Language in Cambodia

Cambodia is one of the developing countries in the world. She is
trying to develop herself from a country with very few things to a
country that can compete with those that have practically everything.
In developing the country, Cambodia needs to cooperate with other
countries to reach her development goals. Therefore, it brings many
kinds of skills from other countries to educate people. Among the
skills, English is the most important of all for people to study
because it is an international language used to contact with people
from all over the world. Hence, people should think and start
learning the language.
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Topic: How to Prepare for an Examination

Exam is a hard time for every student, whether
at the low level or the higher level in the academic
ladder. As a student you will find it more stressful
if the day of the exam is approaching. However,
with some basic preparations you can increase
your confidence and performance in your exam.
Here are some useful steps that you can follow
before taking the exam.
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Topic: Effective Processes in Learning English

As we all know that every person has different interests,
and they tend to do things in various ways according to
their own desirable approaches. As a result, some people
believe that learning English is always a long and hard
process. Anyway, with little effort and dedication, learning
English can become more enjoyable and exciting. So,
people strive to think of good methods of fast English
learning. The following are some interesting avenues to
follow when you learn English.
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Topic: Factors Leading to Study Failure

When people become adults, they have to support their
lives. This responsibility is easier to bear if earlier they
study at schools to gain knowledge which is considered as
the treasure that cannot be stolen. During their studies in
school some students are very successful because they
make strong effort and show willingness to study. They try
their best to study hard, concentrate and pay attention to all
the study items. However, there are also students who face
many obstacles in their studies. I can identify three main
factors that lead to failure in studies.
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Topic: Students’ Factors that Contribute to Their

Success and Failure
Since teaching and learning environment became a controversial
issue, many teachers have been trying their best to develop and
undertake a lot of challenges in order to improve their teaching
performances. Unfortunately, the success and failure of learning
process do not only depend on the teachers, but also count on the
students themselves. Through a research done on a group of year-
three students who enrolled in the academic year 2007-2008 at
Norton University, five factors relating to the students themselves
were identified to be the contributions to the success and failure in
learning English as a foreign language at Norton University.
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Topic: Psychology in Educating

People are the main aspect of teaching and education, so they have to
study the nature and rules which have an effect on their physical and
mental development. Teaching is the science of education, and it is the
approach that people transfer their knowledge and experience to others. In
other words, psychology is the scientific study of behavior and the mental
process. It is also the link of what people do, how they do it, and why they
do it. Psychology appears everywhere and in any situation in people’s life.
In order to educate people, we are required to have a basic understanding
of psychology and to comprehend the nature people, particularly in the
classroom. In many ways, therefore, psychology plays and importance role
in the progress of teaching.
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Topic: The Advantages of Attending Workshops

Workshop is a period of discussion and practical
work on a particular topic, in which participants
with the help of facilitators share their individual
knowledge, expertise, and experience with the
whole group, and then each group is required to
give a presentation. What are the advantages of
attending workshops? Here are the main benefits
participants get from workshops.
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Topic: Self Discipline for the University Student

It has long been said that one’s level of self-discipline affects the
amount of success one achieves in life. The university years are the perfect
time to develop this life skill and character trait because it is a unique time
when adolescence is emerging into adulthood and one’s intellectual
capacities are being sharpened. Self-discipline can be crucial to success as a
student because it has to do with developing the “inner strength” or the
willpower to make the right choices and put them into action consistently.
Self discipline gives an individual the ability to take action regardless of
your emotional state and it can empower you to act according to what you
think, rather than how you feel at the moment. Specifically, it can help
students with goal setting, study habits and time management.
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Topic: Learning English Language
Learning has at all times and in all ages been a source of
knowledge, of happiness, of pleasure, and even of moral
courage. The English is a language that comes from many
countries in the world. Nowadays, there are a lot of people
in the world who use the English language to communicate
to each other. In today’s world with so much more to know
and to learn and also the need for a conscious effort to
conquer the divisive forces, the importance of learning the
English language has increased because people recognize
that learning the English language has many important
advantages.
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Topic: Overseas Study

Education plays an extremely important role in the society as
well as the country. According to the changing of the globalization
and modernization in the world, qualifications with an effective
standard of education are required almost everywhere. Also, human
resource needs to have a broad comprehensive knowledge and
experience. As a result, pursuing universities or colleges in native
or overseas countries is the most essential choice for students.
However, it is commonly seen that many students choose studying
overseas. Gaining a high quality of education, building up
communication skills and challenging job market are the main
advantages of overseas study.
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Topic: Advantages of Group Discussion

Generally, when students finish high school, most of them always

continue their studies to universities. They think that they will learn
something which is different from what they learned at high school. Of
course, during the four-year-study at university, they will learn many
different subjects and meet many new people from different places and
many different lecturers who will share them the skills they want to learn
for their future jobs. In sharing the skills to the students, all lecturers will
have different techniques in teaching and explaining the lesson to the
students. Some lecturers would let their students learn individually, while
others would ask the students to work in pairs or to have group discussion,
for they find that group discussion will provide their students with several
important factors.
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Topic: Harmony at Work

People live and work in communities. Some share
similar interests; some others have different enthusiasms. To
keep all kinds of conflicts at bay and to make progress at
work, people must have the same goals regardless of
whatever the individual possesses. When people who work
in the same place do not have the same objectives, they may
not succeed in what their company wants. Therefore,
harmony is inevitable at work. All employees including
management board must manage to keep his harmony.
There are several points that colleagues can do to maintain
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Topic: The Advantages of Teamwork

Life is hard but wonderful. Therefore, every living
thing in the world has to make effort to survive. Human
beings are the most creative and sensible creature on the
earth. During their lives, they face many problems, so they
use their brains and natural talents to find out the solutions
to the problems. Some people like to sort the problems out
individually while others prefer working in team to solve
these difficulties. In my opinion, team work has more
advantages.
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Topic: Why Do Hard Working Students Fail Exams?

Life is full of crazy and very challenging things.
In the field of education, some students can go
through the exams by getting high scores easily,
while others experience only failing exams even
though they have a good family background, good
environment and good effort-making capacity. It is
not because they are stupid or not a clever student,
but it is because they do not know how to abolish
two important problems within themselves.
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Topic: Effective Ways to Resolve a Conflict at Work

In daily working life, good working
conditions are required. Every employee feels
satisfied with their work if the conditions are
met. However, a conflict often appears at
workplace even though working conditions
are good. So, it is not easy to solve conflict if
it happens. And here are some suggestions to
resolve a conflict at workplace.
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Topic: Writing Competition

In this new age of advanced science and technology, education is
extremely crucial for young people and it is the only way through which
the means of all knowledge can be obtained, while in this latest century
since English language has been growing more and more demanding for
labor markets and for communication in all fields, most Cambodian
students are studying it for their future careers, yet getting employed for a
good position is even more demanding for those who are highly educated
and competent. To guarantee success to chosen future careers, the College
of Arts, Humanities, and Languages has set up a Writing Competition at
each and every first semester to respond to the students’ particular language
skill needs: writing skills.
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Topic: Internet, an Effective Research (My Personal Experiences)

Research is the systematic process of collecting and
analyzing information to increase your understanding of the
phenomenon under study. Research has been a well-known
term in all fields of study; on the other hand, it has been a
complicated term for all learners. Being a present lecturer
and a past student at Norton University, I would like to
share some of my own experiences in research work to all
students, especially the freshmen in the new academic year
2009-2010.
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Topic: Why Reading?

There are many writers or authors who try to write in
various kinds of books according to their particular
professions such as: management skills, accounting skill,
psychology, and so forth in order to produce for readers to
get more knowledge to those who reading books. In
addition, reading books can help people solving some
problems and can also providing some good ideas or advice
from reading and is one of the effective methods of
learning. Therefore, reading books provides us many
advantages from it.
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Topic: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet

Human being is the most intelligent creature in the
world, and he tries to do everything in order to make his
life better and easier. As a result, since late twentieth
century, man has invented so many things that he, himself,
does not expect to come. One of those wonderful
inventions and creations has been the internet. The internet
is a very special thing, and that is why many people enjoy
using and playing this thing everywhere around the world.
Although the internet is that special and useful, it provides
us both advantage and disadvantages.
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Topic: How to Prepare for Scholarship

Many students talk about scholarship when they meet up sometimes. Why
scholarship is the topic? The rests of the students may well ask! In a developing
country like Cambodia where education is striving to meet the international
standard, the sense of having granted a scholarship sounds so much wonderful
to them that it mesmerizes them to long for one. So far, many Cambodian
students, among whom there have been respected Norton University students,
have won scholarships to study in various countries – some of which are the
United States of America, Australia, Japan, Germany, England, and France.
Many of you may wonder why those students have been very successful, and
what they have done to win those scholarships. Is it about chanting or hypnosis?
No, it is not. It is all about your effort and your well-preparedness. Below are
some tips on how to prepare for scholarships.
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Topic: How to Have a Good Memory

As you have known that learning at university is not convenient,
so all students have to study hard and also do more researches that
relevant to their studies. So as to get a good grade in the class is not
easy. This means that they have to compete with other student in
order to stand out in the class. As a result, they have to use their
brains to find the solutions. In fact, some students have low memory.
They cannot remember well for what their lecturers have just taught
them, and they can easily forget them, but for students who have
good memory, they can still remember very well. So in order to have
good memory, we can follow these tips.
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Topic: Smile with the Eyes

People are living with both happiness and sadness. For
people who live in happiness, they have different ways to
show their happy feeling. Among those things, smiling is
one of the symbols to show their good feeling. Moreover,
smiling in face is the easiest and most common way people
use to express their emotion; in contrast, smiling genuinely
can only be seen through the eyes. Therefore, here are some
ways which help you to smile with the eyes.
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Topic: How to Achieve Your Goals

Where do you want to be 5 years from now, 10 years from now, or
even this time next year? These places are your goal destinations and
although you might know that you don’t want to stand still in the same
place as you are now, it’s not always easy to identify what your real goals
are. Moreover, many people think that setting a goal destination is having
a dream that is there in the far distant future, but it will never be attained.
This proves to be a self-fulfilling prophecy because of two things. Firstly,
that the goal isn’t specifically defined enough in the first place, and
secondly, it remains a remote dream waiting for action which is never
taken. Defining your goal destination is something that you need to take
some time to think carefully about. The following seven steps should get
you started on a journey to those goals.
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Topic: A Good Leader

A university is an educational organization in which human
resource is built. It is divided into several departments. Inside each
department work two categories of people: leaders, dean and vice
dean, as well as subordinators, teachers and office staffs. According
to Robbins (2003), a manager or leader gets things done through
other people. She directs the activities of others to attain goals.
Consequently, the qualified leader, who has enough experience, high
management skills, high standard of leadership, and high
qualification, especially the knowledge of organizational behavior, is
necessarily needed for generating profit for the improvement of the
organization.
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Topic: How to Prepare to Have an Interview

Everyone tries to study to get knowledge or skill
in order that he or she can find a job easily.
However, it is not exactly true if you don’t prepare
yourselves well to have an interview. Therefore,
you must have a good preparation for it, and there
are many points to follow.
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Topic: Becoming an Effective Leader

A leader is someone who helps others do and
become more than they ever thought possible.
Leadership is about unlocking potential, individual,
group, company, or organization. It is not about
telling people what to do, but inspiring them to see
what they are capable of helping them get there.
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Topic: Education is the Key to Change the Learners’ Behavior
Education is the process of learning and
knowing, which deals with the practice and
continues through the learners’ lives. It would not
be an exaggeration to say that the reality of human
beings is fruitless without education. As we know,
an educated person has the ability to change the
world as he/she is brimming with confidence and
assured of making the right moves. There are
several factors which can change the learners’
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Topic: Why Reading for Children

Everyone acknowledges that reading is a complicated
activity, even we are the adult sometimes find it hard to
deal with it. It is also very complex for parents to choose
the books or reading articles which are appropriate for their
children to read because children can easily absorb the
effects from their surroundings, importantly from what they
have read. Thus, reading skill plays an important role in
children’s lives: it helps the children to develop vital
language skills, open up new world for them, and enrich
their social skills.
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Topic: How to Become an Outstanding Lecturer

It is true that the lecturer is a key person in the teaching-
learning process, especially in the college and university.
Hence, he must be a model to all his students in all aspects
of life. It has been noticed that children are good imitators,
and they usually copy their lecturer’s role models.
According to foundation of education, lecturer is the
manager of the teaching-learning situation, the facilitator
of learning, and the evaluation of the student achievements;
therefore, he must possess the following methods and
strategies in order to become an outstanding lecturer.
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Topic: How to Get Successful in Your Career

Have you noticed that doing your career quietly and
efficiently does not get you the promotion you see others
achieving. What are they doing to earn more money and
gain promotion when you are at least as good but never
seem to progress? Before we talk about this issue, we need
to know the meaning of career first. Career means the job or
series of jobs that you do during your working life,
especially if you continue to get better jobs and earn more
money. So what should you do in order to get successful in
your career? Here are some key points that can help you to
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Topic: The Importance of Science in Modern Society
The ambition and greediness of human beings are boundless.
Their aspects and determinations are to obtain what they have never
owned, to see what they have never seen, and to do what they have
never done. Moreover, the fast pace of globalization and
internationalization is obvious. Thus, science forces itself to take part
in fulfilling their intentions and this rapid growth. It is also intended to
complete the human needs to upgrade their life to be better and more
convenient in the living society. The meaning of science is the
systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical world,
especially by observing, measuring, and experimenting, and the
development of theories to describe the results of these activities.
Science significantly provides, by all means, the society with many
vital forms.
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Topic: Living Near Landfill
In modern society, citizens want to live in modern lives. They
want to get everything that is comfortable and make their lives better
and better. Everyday people eat food to strengthen their health and
consume goods to improve quality of life. They throw the remained
products away after they use them. We call anything we discard
away as waste or garbage. The garbage from houses, markets,
buildings, hospitals, schools, institution, and etc. is transferred to
landfill, a place where cities put garbage. As it receives many kinds
of rubbish, nobody wants to live near a landfill with the trucks, the
wind, and the smells. However, some people still live near rubbish
pile. Therefore, all people, living near or far away from landfill,
should be aware of three disadvantages of living near landfill.
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Topic: Tips to Get healthy Life

Born as human being, many things are required to fulfill
in order to have a really wonderful life. Many people have
different concepts in having a wonderful life. Some people
get confused that luxury life can get a nice life. However, in
my point of view, I think that in order to reach good
conditions in life, the most essential point that most people
in the world need to consider first is how to have a healthy
life. Therefore, here are some important principle tips to get
healthy life.
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Topic: The Roles of Education in Economic

Development
Education is one of the fundamental factors of
development. No country in the world can achieve
sustainable economic development without
substantial investment in human capital. It
improves the quality of their lives and leads to
social benefits to individuals and society. Education
raises people’s productivity and creativity and
promotes leaders and job opportunities. There are
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1. Topic Sentence

II. Body 2. Supporting Sentences

3.(Concluding Sentence)
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~ The body paragraph(s) is the middle part

of the essay which develops the thesis
statement with their specific details.
~ The body is composed of the following:
1. Topic Sentence states the main idea for
body. 2. Supporting Sentences support the
topic sentence with details and 3. closing
sentence which ends the body.
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1. Concluding Sentences

III. Conclusion

2. Final thoughts
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◻The last paragraph of your essay is, of

course, the concluding paragraph.
This paragraph has a very important
function in your essay. Since it is the
last paragraph to be read, you want your
reader to leave with a clear
understanding of what the point of your
essay is.
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◻There are three ways to writing a good

conclusion:
1. Summarizing (A summary of the points made
in each of your body paragraph.)
+ A final thought on your topic.

2. Paraphrasing (A restatement of the thesis

statement)
+ A final thought on your topic.
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3. Paraphrasing and Summarizing together

+ A final thought on the topic

❖You may choose one of these ways to end

your essay, or you may choose one and two
together in your conclusion. The choice is
yours as the writer.
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◻ 1. Summary: One way to end your essay is to

summarize the main points in each body. Read
the following essay about homeless people.
Notice the concluding paragraph.
Topic: Feeling Secure-Even without a Home
Thesis Statement: Homeless people, like everyone else,
need basically three things to feel safe in their
environment.
Topic Sentence 1: First, and most importantly, homeless
people need to feel physical safety.
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Topic Sentence 2: Second, homeless people need to have a
dependable source of food.
Topic Sentence 3: Finally, to feel safe, you need to know
that if you get sick or injure yourself, you can get the
medical treatment you need.
The Concluding Paragraph: In summary, the need to feel
physically safe, the need for a dependable food source,
and the need for medical care when necessary are
essential for all of us. The constant struggle to obtain
these is why homeless people do not feel secure in their
environment.
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◻ 2. Restatement: An alternative to a summary is a

restatement of the idea of your thesis statements. Here is
another concluding paragraph for the essay on homeless
people.
Topic: Feeling Secure-Even without a Home
Thesis Statement: Homeless people, like everyone else,
need basically three things to feel safe in their
environment.
Topic Sentence 1: First, and most importantly, homeless
people need to feel physical safety.
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Topic Sentence 2: Second, homeless people need to have
a dependable source of food.
Topic Sentence 3: Finally, to feel safe, you need to know
that if you get sick or injure yourself, you can get the
medical treatment you need.
The Concluding Paragraph: In short, all people want to
feel safe in their environment, and to do so requires that
you have these three things. These are so easy to obtain
that most of us make them for granted. However, if
you’re homeless, getting the basics becomes more
difficult and sometimes impossible.
 Part 3- The Concluding Paragraph
72

3. Paraphrasing and Summarizing: You can also include

paraphrasing and summarizing in writing your
conclusion.

Topic: Feeling Secure-Even without a Home

Thesis Statement: Homeless people, like everyone else,

need basically three things to feel safe in their
environment.
 Part 3- The Concluding Paragraph
73

Topic Sentence 1: First, and most importantly,

homeless people need to feel physical safety.

Topic Sentence 2: Second, homeless people need to

have a dependable source of food.

Topic Sentence 3: Finally, to feel safe, you need to

know that if you get sick or injure yourself, you can
get the medical treatment you need.
 Part 3- The Concluding Paragraph
74

The Concluding Paragraph: In conclusion, all people

want to feel safe in their environment, and to do so
requires that you have these three things: a physical
safety, a dependable source of food, and a medical
treatment. These are so easy to obtain that most of us
make them for granted. However, if you’re homeless,
getting the basics becomes more difficult and
sometimes impossible.
 Sample Essay: Introduction
75
 Sample Essay: Body 1
76
 Sample Essay: Body 2
77
 Sample Essay: Body 3
78
 Sample Essay: Conclusion
79

In conclusion, all people want to feel safe in their

environment, and to do so requires that you have these three
things: a physical safety, a dependable source of food and a
medical treatment. These are so easy to obtain that most of us
make them for granted. However, if you’re homeless, getting
the basics becomes more difficult and sometimes impossible.
80

Thank you for paying attention!

Questions & Answers