0408-410 Into To Finite Element CH 6 N

Introduction to Finite Element Analysis
UOS
0408-410
Professor: Dr. Hussien Ali Hussien
hhussien@Sharjah.ac.ae
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Office M6-109-A Ph# 06 505 2631
1
0408-410
Office Hours:
Mon. and Wed.@ 10:00 AM to 12:00 PM
Tue. and Thu.@ 1:00 to 2:00 PM
Others times by appointment ONLY (No walk-in please)
No office hours on Sundays
Tentative Lectures Schedule
Week# Topic Readin
g
1) 1/17 Review of Matrix Algebra & solution of simultaneous linear equs. Ch1
2) 1/24 Introduction to the Stiffness (Displacement) Method (Springs) Ch2
3) 1/31 Introduction to the Stiffness (Displacement) Method Ch2
4) 2/7 Uniaxial Bar and Truss Elements Quiz1 Ch3
5) 2/14 Uniaxial Bar and Truss Elements Ch3
6) 2/21 Uniaxial Bar and Truss Elements Ch3
7) 2/28 Finite Element Analysis of Beams and Frames Ch4&5
8) 3/7 Finite Element Analysis of Beams and Frames, MIDTERM (TBD) Ch4&5
9) 3/14 Finite Element Analysis of Beams and Frames Ch4&5
10) 3/21 Plane Stress and Plane Strain Stiffness Equations Ch6
11) 3/28 Spring Break
Plane Stress and Plane Strain Stiffness Equations ,
12) 4/4 Ch6
Quiz2
13) 4/11 Practical Considerations in Modeling, Ch7
14) 4/18 Practical Considerations in Modeling Ch7
15) 4/25 Finite Element Analysis of Heat Transfer Problems, Quiz3 Ch13
16) 5/2 Finite Element Analysis of Fluid flow, Ch14
2
17) 5/16 Final Exam
A First Course in the Finite Element Method, 6 th Edition Logan
Chapter 6
Development of the
Plane Stress and
Plane Strain
Stiffness Equations
3
Learning Objectives
• To review basic concepts of plane stress and plane strain.
• To derive the constant-strain triangle (CST) element stiffness

matrix and equations.
• To demonstrate how to determine the stiffness matrix and

stresses for a constant strain element.
• To describe how to treat body and surface forces for two-

dimensional elements.
4
Learning Objectives
• To evaluate the explicit stiffness matrix for the constant-strain
triangle element.
• To perform a detailed finite element solution of a plane stress

problem.
• To derive the bilinear four-noded rectangular (Q4) element

stiffness matrix.
• To compare the CST and Q4 model results for a beam bending

problem and describe some of the CST and Q4 elements
5
Two-Dimensional Finite Element

• Two-dimensional (planar) elements are
defined by three or more nodes in a two-
dimensional plane.
• The elements are connected at common
nodes and/or along common edges to form
continuous structures.
• Two-dimensional elements are important for
plane stress analysis and plane strain
analysis.
6
Plane Stress and Plane Strain

• Plane stress is defined to be a state of stress in which the normal
stresses and the shear stresses directed perpendicular to the plane are
assumed to be zero.
• Plane strain is defined to be a state of strain in which the strain normal to
the x – y plane εz and the shear strain γxz and γyz are assumed to be zero.
7
Two-Dimensional State of Stress and

Strain
• Consider the figure illustrating a two-dimensional state of stress.
• Three independent stresses exist:
• Review Appendix C.1 for more information regarding the derivation

of the element equilibrium equations.
8

Strain
• Principal stresses are the maximum and minimum normal stresses in the
two-dimensional plane:
• Principal angle defines the normal

whose direction is perpendicular to
the plane on which the maximum or minimum principal stress acts:
9

Strain
• From the general definitions of normal and shear strains and the use of the
figure below, we obtain:
• The strains can be generally represented by the vector column matrix:
10
Stress-Strain Relationships for Plane Stress

Condition
• For isotropic materials, the following stresses are assumed to be zero for
the plane stress condition:
• For the three-dimensional relationship, the shear strains

• For plane stress condition we then have:
where the stress-strain matrix (or constitutive matrix) is:
11
Stress-Strain Relationships for Plane

Stress Condition
where E is the elastic modulus and v is the Poisson’s ratio and

For plane stress condition we then have:
12
Stress-Strain Relationships for Plane

Strain Condition
• For plane strain, we assume the following strains to be zero:
• Applying this to the three-dimensional stress-strain relationship (Appendix

C), the shear stresses:
• The stress-strain matrix becomes:
13
The Constant-Strain Triangle

(CST)
• A basic two-dimensional or plane finite element
• It has a constant strain throughout it.
• Simplest derivation of the stiffness matrix among the available two-
dimensional elements
• Triangular elements are used because boundaries of irregularly shaped
bodies can be closely approximated.
14
Derivation of the CST Element Stiffness

Matrix and Equations: Select Element Type
• From the discretized plate shown before, a basic triangular element
showing degrees of freedom is drawn in the figure.
• The nodal displacement matrix is given by:
• We have selected the element type as a triangular element.
15
Derivation of the CST Element Stiffness Matrix

and Equations: Displacement Function
• The next step is to select displacement functions:

x
• Solving for the a coefficients we have:
• where A is area of the

triangle and
16
Derivation of the CST Element Stiffness Matrix

and Equations: Displacement Function
• The general displacement function is:
17
Derivation of the CST Element Stiffness

Matrix: Strain/Displacement
• Strains associated with the two-dimensional element:
• Substituting displacement functions for u and v:
• Evaluating the derivatives for the shape functions

and combining yields:
• Simplified as:
where [B] is sometimes called a gradient matrix and is independent of the
x and y coordinates
• We obtain the in-plane stresses
18
Derivation of the CST Element

Stiffness Matrix
• Using the principle of minimum potential energy, we can derive the
element stiffness matrix and equations for a CST element.
• The total potential energy is given by:
where the strain energy is given by:
• The potential energy of body forces:

where {X} is the weight density matrix
• The potential energy of concentrated loads:
• {P} represents the concentrated external loads
• The potential energy of distributed loads:
• {T}=surface tractions, {ΨS}=field of surface displacements
19

Stiffness Matrix
• The total load system on an element is represented by:
• We now obtain:
• Taking the first variation:
• Rewriting as:
20

Stiffness Matrix
• For an element with constant thickness the stiffness matrix is written as:
where A is the area of the triangle, [D] is the stress-strain matrix, and [B]
is the gradient matrix
21
Explicit Expression for the Constant-Strain

Triangle Stiffness Matrix (Plane-Strain)
22
Explicit Expression for the Constant-Strain

Triangle Stiffness Matrix
23
CST Element Global Equations

• In our formulation of the element stiffness matrix, the matrix has been
derived for a general orientation in global coordinates.
• No transformation from local to global equations is necessary.
• If the CST element are not parallel to the global axes then we apply
rotation-of-axes transformation as:
where:
24
CST Element Nodal Displacements

and Solving for Element Forces
• Determine the unknown global structure nodal displacements by solving
the system of algebraic equations give by:
• Obtain the strains and stresses in the global x and y directions using:
and
• Finally, determine the maximum and minimum in-plane principal stresses.
• Example 6.1 in the text is good practice for evaluating a stiffness
matrix of the element shown in the figure below:
25
Body Forces
• We can evaluate the body forces at the nodes as:
where {X} represents the weight densities in the x
and y directions.
• Body forces may arise from body weight (gravitational forces), angular
velocity (centrifugal body forces), or inertial forces.
• The element body forces are:
• It can be concluded that the body forces are distributed to the nodes in
three equal parts.
26
Surface Forces
• We can evaluate the surface forces at the nodes as:
• By considering the example of a uniform stress p,
acting between nodes 1 and 3 on the edge of element 1, we can illustrate
the use of the equation for surface forces at the nodes.
• The element surface forces are given by:
• It can be concluded that for a CST element, a distributed load can be

treated as concentrated loads acting at the loaded edge nodes.
27
Finite Element Solution of a Plane

Stress Problem
• Review Example problem 6.2 in the text to illustrate the
finite element method performed on a thin plate
subjected to tensile stress as shown below.
28
Von Mises Theory

• The von Mises Theory is the theory of maximum distortion energy for
ductile materials subjected to static loading. It predicts that a material will
fail if the von Mises stress (effective stress) reaches the yield strength.
• Most computer programs incorporate this failure theory. If

is true, then a material with a greater yield strength can be selected or
other design changes can be made.
• For brittle materials, with different tension and compression properties,

The Coulomb-Mohr theory is recommended to predict failure.
29
Rectangular Plane Element

• The four-noded rectangular plane element is also called the bilinear
rectangle because of the linear terms in x and y for the displacement
functions.
• The “Q4” symbol represents the element as a quadrilateral with four
corner nodes.
• Two advantages of the rectangular element over triangular are ease of
data input and simpler interpretation of output stresses.
• A disadvantage is that the simple linear-displacement rectangle with its
straight sides poorly approximate boundary condition edges.
30
Rectangular Plane Element Stiffness

Matrix Derivation
• Consider the rectangular element shown in the figure
• The unknown nodal displacements are given by:
31

Matrix Derivation
• Select the following linear displacement functions:
• Eliminate the a’s to obtain:
32

Matrix Derivation
• These can be expressed in terms of the shape functions and
unknown nodal displacements:
where:
33

Matrix Derivation
• The element strains for two-dimensional stress state are given by:
• Express the strains in terms of the a’s:
34

Matrix Derivation
• Taking the derivatives of u and v, we can express the strains in terms
of the unknown nodal displacements
where
35

Matrix Derivation
• The stiffness matrix is determined by:
• The element force matrix is:
• The element equations are then given by:
36
CST and Q4 Models of a Cantilevered

Beam
37
Numerical Comparison of CST to Q4

Element Models
38
Numerical Comparison of CST to Q4

Element Models
• The results indicate that the Q4 compatible element model predicts
more accurately deflection and stress behavior than the CST element
model
• As the number of rows is increased, the deflections and stress are
predicted increasingly more accurately
• The CST element models produce stiffer models and also converges
very slowly in comparison to Q4 in regards to the classical beam
theory solution
39
Summary
• Introduced the two-dimensional finite element
• Discussed plane stress and plane strain conditions
• Reviewed a two-dimensional state of stress
• Discussed stress/strain relationships for plane strain and plane stress
• Introduced the Constant-Strain Triangle
• Derived the CST stiffness matrix and element equations
• Discussed the affects of body and surface forces for a triangular element
• Reviewed the von Mises theory
• Introduced the rectangular plane element
• Derived the stiffness matrix for the rectangular plane element
• Numerically compared the CST and Q4 models to each other in reference
to classic beam theory
40

0408-410 Into To Finite Element CH 6 N

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

0408-410 Into To Finite Element CH 6 N

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction to Finite Element Analysis

• To derive the constant-strain triangle (CST) element stiffness

• To demonstrate how to determine the stiffness matrix and

• To describe how to treat body and surface forces for two-

• To perform a detailed finite element solution of a plane stress

• To derive the bilinear four-noded rectangular (Q4) element

• To compare the CST and Q4 model results for a beam bending

Two-Dimensional Finite Element

Plane Stress and Plane Strain

Two-Dimensional State of Stress and

• Review Appendix C.1 for more information regarding the derivation

Two-Dimensional State of Stress and

• Principal angle defines the normal

Two-Dimensional State of Stress and

• The strains can be generally represented by the vector column matrix:

Stress-Strain Relationships for Plane Stress

• For the three-dimensional relationship, the shear strains

Stress-Strain Relationships for Plane

where E is the elastic modulus and v is the Poisson’s ratio and

Stress-Strain Relationships for Plane

• Applying this to the three-dimensional stress-strain relationship (Appendix

• The stress-strain matrix becomes:

The Constant-Strain Triangle

Derivation of the CST Element Stiffness

• We have selected the element type as a triangular element.

Derivation of the CST Element Stiffness Matrix

• The next step is to select displacement functions:

• Solving for the a coefficients we have:

• where A is area of the

Derivation of the CST Element Stiffness Matrix

• The general displacement function is:

Derivation of the CST Element Stiffness

• Evaluating the derivatives for the shape functions

Derivation of the CST Element

where the strain energy is given by:

• The potential energy of body forces:

Derivation of the CST Element

• Taking the first variation:

Derivation of the CST Element

Explicit Expression for the Constant-Strain

Explicit Expression for the Constant-Strain

CST Element Global Equations

CST Element Nodal Displacements

• It can be concluded that for a CST element, a distributed load can be

Finite Element Solution of a Plane

Von Mises Theory

• Most computer programs incorporate this failure theory. If

• For brittle materials, with different tension and compression properties,

Rectangular Plane Element

Rectangular Plane Element Stiffness

Rectangular Plane Element Stiffness

• Eliminate the a’s to obtain:

Rectangular Plane Element Stiffness

Rectangular Plane Element Stiffness

Rectangular Plane Element Stiffness

Rectangular Plane Element Stiffness

• The element force matrix is:

• The element equations are then given by:

CST and Q4 Models of a Cantilevered

Numerical Comparison of CST to Q4

Numerical Comparison of CST to Q4

You might also like