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Exercise Physiology
Exercise Physiology
Hormonal Responses
to Exercise
EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance, 6th edition
Scott K. Powers & Edward T. Howley
Fig 5.1
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Hormone-Receptor
Interactions
• Trigger events at the cell
• Magnitude of effect dependent on:
– Concentration of the hormone
– Number of receptors on the cell
– Affinity of the receptor for the hormone
Fig 5.2
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Cyclic AMP
“Second
Messenger”
Mechanism
Fig 5.3
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Other
“Second
Messenger”
Systems
Fig 5.4
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Hormones:
Regulation and Action
• Hormones are secreted from endocrine
glands
– Hypothalamus and pituitary glands
– Thyroid and parathyroid glands
– Adrenal glands
– Pancreas
– Testes and ovaries
Fig 5.6
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Anterior Pituitary Gland
Fig 5.5
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Growth Hormone
• Secreted from the anterior pituitary gland
• Essential for normal growth
– Stimulates protein synthesis and long bone
growth
• Increases during exercise
– Mobilizes fatty acids from adipose tissue
– Aids in the maintenance of blood glucose
Fig 5.6
Fig 5.7
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Thyroid Gland
• Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
– Important in maintaining metabolic rate
and allowing full effect of other hormones
• Calcitonin
– Regulation of plasma Ca++
• Parathyroid Hormone
– Also involved in plasma Ca++ regulation
Fig 5.8
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Adrenal Cortex
• Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
– Stimulated by exercise and long-term
fasting
– Promotes the use of free fatty acids as
fuel
– Stimulates glucose synthesis
– Promotes protein breakdown for
gluconeogenesis and tissue repair
Fig 5.9
Fig 5.10
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Estrogen
• Establish and maintain reproductive
function
• Levels vary throughout the menstrual
cycle
Fig 5.11
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Muscle Glycogen Utilization
• Breakdown of muscle glycogen is under dual
control
– Epinephrine-cyclic AMP
– Ca2+-calmodulin
• Delivery of glucose parallels activation of
muscle contraction
• Glycogenolysis – breakdown of glycogen
Fig 5.16
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Control of Glycogenolysis
Glycogenolysis
Fig 5.16
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Muscle Glycogen Utilization
• Glycogenolysis is related to exercise intensity
– High-intensity of exercise results in greater
and more rapid glycogen depletion Fig 5.13
Fig 5.13
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Plasma Epinephrine
Concentration During Exercise
Fig 5.14
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Maintenance of Plasma
Glucose During Exercise
• Mobilization of glucose from liver glycogen
stores
• Mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue
– Spares blood glucose
• Gluconeogenesis from amino acids, lactic
acid, and glycerol
• Blocking the entry of glucose into cells
– Forces use of FFA as a fuel
Fig 5.17
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Role of Cortisol in the
Maintenance of Blood
Glucose
Fig 5.17
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Plasma Cortisol During
Exercise
• At low intensity
– plasma cortisol decreases
• At high intensity
– plasma cortisol increases
Fig 5.18
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Changes in Plasma Cortisol
During Exercise
Fig 5.18
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Growth Hormone
• Important in the maintenance of plasma
glucose
– Decreases glucose uptake
– Increases FFA mobilization
– Enhances gluconeogenesis
Fig 5.19
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Growth Hormone in the
Maintenance of Plasma Glucose
Fig 5.19
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Growth Hormone During Exercise:
Effect of Intensity
Fig 5.20
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Growth Hormone During Exercise:
Trained vs. Untrained
Fig 5.20
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Blood Glucose Homeostasis
During Exercise
• Fast-acting hormones
– Norepinephrine and epinephrine
– Insulin and glucagon
• Maintain plasma glucose
– Increasing liver glucose mobilization
– Increased levels of plasma FFA
– Decreasing glucose uptake
– Increasing gluconeogenesis
Fig 5.21
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Role of Catecholamines in
Substrate Mobilization
Fig 5.21
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Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
During Exercise
• Increase linearly during exercise
• Favor the mobilization of FFA and
maintenance of plasma glucose
Fig 5.22
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Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
Following Training
• Decreased plasma levels in response to
exercise bout
• Parallels reduction in glucose mobilization
Fig 5.23
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Effects of Insulin & Glucagon
Fig 5.24
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Insulin During Exercise
• Plasma insulin decreases during exercise
– Prevents rapid uptake of plasma glucose
– Favors mobilization of liver glucose and
lipid FFA
Fig 5.25
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Effect of Training on Plasma
Insulin During Exercise
Fig 5.25
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Effect of Training on Plasma
Glucagon During Exercise
Fig 5.26
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Effect of SNS on Substrate
Mobilization
Fig 5.28
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Hormonal Responses to
Exercise
Fig 5.29a
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Hormonal Responses to
Exercise
Fig 5.29b
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Free Fatty Acid Mobilization
During Heavy Exercise
• FFA mobilization decreases during heavy
exercise
– This occurs in spite of persisting hormonal
stimulation for FFA mobilization
• May be due to high levels of lactic acid
– Promotes resynthesis of triglycerides
– Inadequate blood flow to adipose tissue
– Insufficient transporter for FFA in plasma
Fig 5.30
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter 5
Hormonal Responses
to Exercise