COMPUTER

APPLICATION
BY: Dr. PRADEEP CHAURASIYA
Assistant Professor
(Commerce)
Definition of computer
Computer can be define as an electronic machine that
accept instructions given by user as input, process the
given input according to desired result of user and
result is known as output.

INPUT Process OUTPUT

Types of computer
Analog computers
Digital computers
Hybrid computers
Analog computers
Analogue computers are used when the users are not
familiar with the exact values like temperature, speed,
current, and pressure.
This feature allows analogue computers to measure
continuous changes in physical quantity.
analogue computers accept the measuring device's
data without converting it into relevant codes and
numbers.
Digital Computers
Digital computers were invented to perform different
calculations and logical operations at a very high
speed. These computers accept the raw data as input,
done in binary numbers (0 and 1) or digitals.
After that, the device processes the information with
programs that are already stored in the device's
memory. This process is followed to generate the
output. Some examples of digital computers include
laptops, desktops, and other electronic devices like
smartphones.
Hybrid Computers
Hybrid computers are devices that have features of both digital
and analog computers. These devices are similar in speed to
analog computers and are identical to digital computers in their
memory and accuracy.
Hybrid computers can process both discrete and continuous
data. These devices work by accepting analog signals and
converting those signals into a digital form before processing.
This is why these devices are popularly used in specialized
applications where both analog and digital data has to be
processed.
For example, the processors used in petrol pumps convert fuel
flow into values for both quantity and price.
Characteristics of computer
 Speed: A computer works with much higher
speed and accuracy compared to humans while
performing mathematical calculations.
 Accuracy: Computers perform calculations with
100% accuracy. Errors may occur due to data
inconsistency or inaccuracy.
 Diligence: A computer can perform millions of
tasks or calculations with the same consistency
and accuracy. It doesn’t feel any fatigue or lack
of concentration. Its memory also makes it
superior to that of human beings.
Characteristics of computer
 Versatility: Versatility refers to the capability of a
computer to perform different kinds of works with same
accuracy and efficiency.
 Reliability: A computer is reliable as it gives consistent
result for similar set of data i.e., if we give same set of
input any number of times, we will get the same result.
 Automation: Computer performs all the tasks
automatically i.e. it performs tasks without manual
intervention.
 Memory: A computer has built-in memory called primary
memory where it stores data. Secondary storage are
removable devices such as CDs, pen drives, etc., which
are also used to store data.
 Generations of computers
 Generation in computer terminology is a
change in technology a computer is/was being
used. Initially, the generation term was used to
distinguish between varying hardware
technologies. Nowadays, generation includes
both hardware and software, which together
make up an entire computer system.
 First Generation Computers
 The period of first generation was from 1946-
1959. The computers of first generation used
vacuum tubes as the basic components for
memory and circuit for CPU (Central
Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric
bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the
installations used to fuse frequently. Therefore,
they were very expensive and only large
organizations were able to afford it.
 Second Generation Computers
 The period of second generation was from
1959-1965. In this generation, transistors were
used that were cheaper, consumed less power,
more compact in size, more reliable and faster
than the first generation machines made of
vacuum tubes.
 In this generation, magnetic cores were used
as the primary memory and magnetic tape and
magnetic disks as secondary storage devices.
 Third Generation Computers
 The period of third generation was from 1965-1971.
The computers of third generation used Integrated
Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has
many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with
the associated circuitry.
 The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development
made computers smaller in size, reliable, and efficient.
In this generation remote processing, time-sharing,
multiprogramming operating system were used.
 High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL,
PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used
during this generation.
 Fourth Generation Computers
 The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980.
Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale
Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about
5000 transistors and other circuit elements with their
associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to
have microcomputers of fourth generation.
 Fourth generation computers became more powerful,
compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise
to Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In this generation,
time sharing, real time networks, distributed operating
system were used. All the high-level languages like C,
C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.
 Fifth Generation Computers
 The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the
fifth generation, VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra
Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the
production of microprocessor chips having ten million
electronic components.
 This generation is based on parallel processing
hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI
is an emerging branch in computer science, which
interprets the means and method of making
computers think like human beings. All the high-level
languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in
this generation.
Computer Input & Output devices
Input Device: A piece of equipment/hardware which
helps us enter data into a computer is called an input
device. For example keyboard, mouse, Scanner,
Barcode Reader etc.
Output Device: A piece of equipment/hardware
which gives out the result of the entered input, once it
is processed (i.e. converts data from machine language
to a human-understandable language), is called an
output device. For example printer, monitor, projector
etc.
Computer Number System
There are four type of number system in computer
namely:
Decimal Number System-(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
Binary Number system-(0,1)
Octal Number System-(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
Hexadecimal Number system-
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F)
Decimal to Binary Conversion
In decimal to binary conversion, we convert a base 10
number to a base 2 number by using simple division
methods.
We divide the given decimal number by 2 until the
quotient become 1.
Then we write the reminders from lower to upper side
Exp. (10)10=( 1010)2 2 10 0
2 5 1
2 2 0
1
BINARY TO DECIMAL
CONVERSION
 To convert a binary number to decimal we
need to perform a multiplication operation
on each digit of a binary number from right
to left with powers of 2 starting from 0 and
add each result to get the decimal number of
it.
 Exp. (1010)2 = (10)10
1x23+0x22+1x21+0x20
= 8+0+2+0

= 10
THANK
YOU