17/09/23

AQA – Energetics

Enthalpy change
What the spec says
Reactions can be endothermic or exothermic.
Enthalpy change (∆H) is the heat energy change measured
under conditions of constant pressure.
Standard enthalpy changes refer to standard conditions ie 100
kPa and a stated temperature (eg ∆H298Ɵ).
Students should be able to:
• define standard enthalpy of combustion (∆cHƟ)
• define standard enthalpy of formation (∆fHƟ).
Calorimetry
The heat change, q, in a reaction is given by the equation q =
mc∆T
where m is the mass of the substance that has a temperature
change ∆T and a specific heat capacity c.
Students should be able to:
• use this equation to calculate the molar enthalpy change for
a reaction
• use this equation in related calculations. Students will not be
expected to recall the value of the specific heat capacity, c, of
a substance.
17/09/23
Applications of Hess’s law
Hess’s law.
Students should be able to-
use Hess’s law to perform calculations, including calculation
of enthalpy changes for reactions from enthalpies of
combustion or from enthalpies of formation.
Bond enthalpies
Mean bond enthalpy.
Students should be able to:
• define the term mean bond enthalpy
• use mean bond enthalpies to calculate an approximate
value of ∆H for reactions in the gaseous phase
• explain why values from mean bond enthalpy calculations
differ from those determined using Hess’s law.
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What is enthalpy?
When a chemical reaction occurs there is normally a change in energy

The greek letter ‘delta’

This symbol
means ‘change in’. So this
means the
is the change in enthalpy

ΔH
substance was in
The enthalpy change of a ⦵ the standard
state under
reaction is the heat
standard
change in a reaction at
conditions.
constant pressure. Standard conditions
1. 100kPa pressure
It is given the
2. 298K (25°C)
symbol ΔH and has
the units of kJmol-1
 17/09/23

Endothermic and Exothermic

Reactions can give out heat energy or take it in.

Endothermic Reactions Exothermic Reactions

Reactions that absorb energy from the surroundings Reactions that release energy to the surroundings
enthalpy enthalpy
Products higher in Products lower in
products energy than reactants energy than
reactants. ΔH is reactants. ΔH is
ΔH POSITIVE POSITIVE ΔH NEGATIVE NEGATIVE
reactants products

Reaction progress Reaction progress

CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g) ΔcH = +178kJmol-1 C2H6(g) + 3.5O2(g)  3H2O(l) + 2CO2(g) ΔcH = -1560kJmol-1
Example – thermal decomposition Example – combustion of ethane
of calcium carbonate
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Bond breaking and making

Bonds are broken and made during a reaction

Bonds Broken Bonds Made

To break a bond energy needs to be absorbed When bonds are formed energy is released

Bonds are broken in the reactants and this is an Bonds are made when products are being produced
endothermic process so ΔH is positive. and this is an exothermic process so ΔH is negative
enthalpy enthalpy If more energy is
If more energy is
products reactants released when
needed to break
bonds are formed
bonds than energy
ΔH POSITIVE ΔH NEGATIVE than what was
given out when
needed to break
bonds are formed products
reactants initial bonds the
the reaction will be
reaction will be
ENDOTHERMIC Reaction progress
Reaction progress EXOTHERMIC
 17/09/23

Mean Bond Enthalpy

Bonds of the same type don’t all have the same amount of energy
There are 4 C-H bonds in methane Enthalpy Changes using mean bond enthalpy
(CH4) all with slightly different
bond enthalpies.
The energy needed to break the Enthalpy Change = Total energy to break bonds – Total energy released forming bonds
first C-H will be different to the
energy needed to break the Calculate energy change for combustion of methane
second C-H bond. CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
Bond C=O C-H O=O O-H
We can measure the enthalpy of breaking Mean bond enthalpy (kJmol-1) 805 435 498 464
all 4 bonds and divide by 4 to get a mean
bond enthalpy of a C-H bond. Break (endothermic) Forming (exothermic)
Total = 1662kJ for 4 C-H bonds broken in CH4 4 × C-H = 4 × 435 = 1740 4 × O-H = 4 × 464 = 1856 Enthalpy change
Mean bond enthalpy of C-H – 1662/4 = 2 × O=O = 2 × 498 = 996 2 × C=O = 2 × 805 = 1610 = 2736 – 3466 =
415.5kJmol-1 Total = 2736kJmol-1 Total = 3466kJmol-1 -730kJmol-1
 17/09/23

Calorimetry
Calorimetry is used to work out the enthalpy change of combustion
A fuel is burned to raise the
temperature of the water by a
specific amount. Generally we
The energy from the fuel is weigh the fuel before and after
transferred into the water although burning to work out the mass of
some is lost to the surroundings fuel burned.
too.

A lid is placed on top to

prevent heat loss and wind
The energy transferred can be calculated
shields placed by the flame
using -
to prevent a draught
q=mc∆T (see next slide) moving the flame.
We can go further and work out
enthalpy change too.
 17/09/23

Calorimetry
Energy from calorimetry experiment can be calculated

q = mcΔT
Calculate energy
q = 100g × 4.18 × 34 first!
Temperature
change (K) q = 14212 J OR 14.212 kJ
Moles of Ethanol = Mass/Mr Calculate moles
Heat energy lost Mass of water Specific heat of ethanol to
or gained (J) or solution (g) capacity of water Moles of ethanol = 1.8 / 46 work out
(4.18Jg-1K-1) Moles = 0.039 enthalpy

Enthalpy = q / moles
100g of water was heated from 23°C to 57°C by
1.8g of ethanol. Calculate the energy transferred Enthalpy = -14.212 / 0.039
and hence the enthalpy change of the fuel. Enthalpy = -364.4 kJmol-1
 17/09/23

Calorimetry
Energy from calorimetry experiment of solutions can be calculated
Total mass of
Polystyrene cup to both liquids
prevent heat loss q = 50g × 4.18 × 6 mixed
q = 1254J OR 1.254 kJ
Add acid first – measure
temperature. We must convert
Moles of HCl = Conc × Vol to dm3 by ÷1000.
Then add alkali/solid, stir and
Moles of HCl = 1 × 25×10-3 We can also add
measure temperature change
Moles = 0.0250 ‘×10-3’
25.0cm3 of 1 moldm-3 HCl had a temperature of
20°C. 25cm3 of 1 moldm-3 of NaOH was added Enthalpy = q / moles
Enthalpy = -1.254 / 0.0250 Calculate moles
and this raised the temperature to a maximum
of HCl to work
of 26°C. Enthalpy = -50.16 kJmol-1 out enthalpy
Calculate the enthalpy of neutralisation for
hydrochloric acid.
 17/09/23

Hess’s Law
Germain Hess came up with a law to work out enthalpy changes you can’t
find out by doing an experiment

HESS’S LAW
THE TOTAL ENTHALPY
CHANGE OF A REACTION
IS INDEPENDENT OF THE
ROUTE TAKEN
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Hess’s Cycle - Formation

If you are given formation data you draw a formation cycle
SUBSTANCE ENTHALPY OF
FORMATION (ΔfH) kJmol-1 ΔcH / ΔrH
CH3OH -234 REACTANTS  PRODUCTS
CO2 -394 Set out your cycle like
this. Balance your
H 2O -286
ΔfH equations too! ΔfH
The data is formation KEY
ELEMENTS IN
so we draw a ΔfH – Enthalpy of Formation THEIR STANDARD
formation cycle Remember! Substitute
ΔcH – Enthalpy of Combustion STATES the FORMATION
symbols for numbers.
ΔrH – Enthalpy of reaction
Multiply by the number
of moles in the
equation
 17/09/23

Hess’s Cycle - Formation

Go with the arrow – keep the sign the same. Go against the arrow you
change the sign
Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of Δ cH
methanol burning completelyclein oxygen to
make carbonedioxide
st th e cy water.
andrs CH3OH(l) + 1.5O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
T
e on umbe you
r
SUBSTANCE ywhe the n heENTHALPY re n if OF
r t an up FORMATION
d a ck w
Sta d ad go b Flip t direc dd
h e sig o(ΔnfH) kJmol-1
ti
A B ΔfH CO2 = -394
a n ou . e a ΔfH CH3OH = -234 ΔfH H2O = 2 × -286
CH3OH l y ro m h d
-234
ti d f inst t shoul ΔfH O2 = 0
n
u rte ga
CO2 sta o a w. ERO-394
g o
I t
Z
C + 2O2(g) + 2H2(g)
(s)
= -572
r r
H 2O you an a up to -286 ΔfH TOTAL = -234 ΔfH TOTAL = -966
of

To work out ΔcH we need to take an alternative

route. So we go against the arrow via A and ΔcH = +234 - 966 = -732 kJmol-1
with the arrow via B
 17/09/23

Hess’s Cycle - Combustion

If you are given combustion data you draw a combustion cycle
SUBSTANCE ENTHALPY OF
COMBUSTION (ΔCH) ΔfH / ΔrH
kJmol-1
C -394
REACTANTS/ELEMENTS  PRODUCTS
Set out your cycle like
H2 -286 this. Balance your
C5H12 -3509
ΔcH equations too! ΔcH
The data is combustion COMBUSTION Remember!
so we draw a combustion KEY PRODUCTS – Substitute the
COMBUSTION
cycle ΔfH – Enthalpy of Formation
ΔcH – Enthalpy of Combustion
CO2 + H2O symbols for
numbers.
Multiply by the
ΔrH – Enthalpy of reaction number of moles
in the equation
 17/09/23

Hess’s Cycle - Combustion

Go with the arrow – keep the sign the same. Go against the arrow you
change the sign
c y cle Δf H
Calculate the enthalpy st of h eformation s of pentane
e t r
be standard
from their elements T
e re
n their
oin
n u
h the her n if
m
e you 5C + 6H
states.
(s) 2(g) + 8O2(g)  C5H12(l) + 8O2(g)
w
ny up ck w e sig on
t a
r d ba
Sta nd ad goENTHALPY
SUBSTANCE
a you m. F h(Δ
l i p th OF
e
ir e ti
cCOMBUSTION
dCH) kJmol
d a dd -1 ΔcH C = 5×-394 A B
ntil d fro inst t shoul = -1970
u rte ga I t ΔcH C5H12 = -3509
C sta o a w. ERO -394
g ro Z ΔcH H2 = 6×-286
H2 y o u
of
a
an up
r to
-286 = -1716
5CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
C5H12 -3509 Δ H TOTAL = -3686 ΔcH TOTAL = -3509
c

To work out ΔfH we need to take an alternative

route. So we go with the arrow via A and ΔfH = -3686 + 3509 = -177kJmol-1
against the arrow via B