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11 Leveling
11 Leveling
11 Leveling
of
Vertical Distances
LEVELING
Temperature Variations
Wind
Erroneous Computations
Rod not Fully Extended
Acceptable errors
Test should be carried out regularly say once per week or two.
S2 S1
A
B
L/2 L/2
L
S4
S3
A
B
Collimation error,
L / 10
e = (S1 - S2) - (S3 - S4) mm / Lm
Example 1
In the two-peg test of a dumpy level, the following observations are
taken.
Instrument Near A Instrument Near B
Rod Reading on A 1.501m 0.903m
Rod Reading on B 2.022m 1.452m
3. Level Instrument
Differential Leveling
Level Instrument
4.60
4.55 4.54
4.53 4.52
4.51
4.50
Differential Leveling
Definitions
Point A
Elevation = 22.903 m
Starting point
(elevation 20.000 m)
Differential Leveling
Definitions
1. Bench mark (BM) - relatively permanent
point of known elevation
Point A
Elevation = 22.903 m
Starting point
(elevation 20.00 m)
Differential Leveling
Definitions
2. Backsight (BS) - a sight taken to the level rod held at a
point of known elevation
(either a BM or TP)
Point A
Elevation = 22.903 m
Starting point
(elevation 20.00 m)
Differential Leveling
Definitions
3. Height of instrument (HI) - the elevation of the line of
sight of the telescope
Point A
Elevation = 22.903 m
Starting point
(elevation 20.000 m)
Differential Leveling
Definitions
4. Foresight (FS) - a sight taken on any point to determine its
elevation
Point A
Elevation = 22.903 m
Starting point
(elevation 20.000 m)
Differential Leveling
D. Computation of Elevations
BS
3.851
BM1
1. BS + Elevation = HI
Elevation 20.000 m
Point BS HI FS Elevation
BM1 3.851 23.851 20.000 m
Differential Leveling
Computation of Elevations
BS FS
3.851 0.948
BM1
TP1 2. HI - FS = Elevation
Elevation 20.000 m
Point BS HI FS Elevation
BM1 3.851 23.851 20.000 m
TP1 0.948 22.903
Differential Leveling
Computation of Elevations
BS
BS FS 3.320
3.851 0.948
BM1
TP1
Elevation 20.000 m
Point BS HI FS Elevation
BM1 3.851 23.581 20.00 m
TP1 3.320 26.223 0.948 22.903
Differential Leveling
Computation of Elevations
BS FS
BS FS 3.320 0.780
3.851 0.948
BM1 TP2
TP1
Elevation 20.000 m
Point BS HI FS Elevation
BM1 3.851 23.851 20.000 m
TP1 3.320 26.223 0.948 22.903
TP2 0.780 25.443
Differential Leveling
Computation of Elevations BS
2.972
BS FS
BS FS 3.320 0.780
3.851 0.948
BM1 TP2
TP1
Elevation 20.000 m
Point BS HI FS Elevation
BM1 3.851 23.851 20.000 m
TP1 3.320 26.223 0.948 22.903
TP2 2.972 28.415 0.780 25.443
Differential Leveling
Computation of Elevations BS FS
2.972 0.945
BS FS
BS FS 3.320 0.780
3.851 0.948 BM2
BM1 TP2
TP1
Elevation 20.000 m
Point BS HI FS Elevation
BM1 3.851 23.851 20.000 m
TP1 3.320 26.223 0.948 22.903
TP2 2.972 28.415 0.780 25.443
BM2 0.945 27.470
Differential Leveling
Computation of Elevations BS FS
2.972 0.945
BS FS
BS FS 3.320 0.780
3.851 0.948 BM2
BM1 TP2
TP1
Elevation 20.000 m
Point BS HI FS Elevation
BM1 3.851 23.581 20.000 m
TP1 3.320 26.223 0.948 22.903
TP2 2.972 28.415 0.780 25.443
BM2 0.945 27.470
Differential Leveling
Computation of Elevations
3. Change in elevation- summation of the backsight and the foresight then
subtract
Point BS HI FS Elevation
BM1 3.851 23.851 20.000 m
TP1 3.320 26.223 0.948 22.903
TP2 2.972 28.415 0.780 25.443
BM2 0.945 27.470
+10.143 -2.673
BS FS
0.27 2.91
BS FS
1.33 2.17
BM
Elevation 32.52 m
TP1
TP2
Differential Leveling
TP1
TP2
Point BS HI FS Elevation
BM1 0.27 32.79 32.52 m
TP1 1.33 31.21 2.91 29.88
TP2 2.17 29.04
+1.60 -5.08 -3.48
EXAMPLE
• From the given data of a differential leveling as shown in the tabulation:
STA. BS F.S. ELEV.
1 5.87 392.25
2 7.03 6.29
3 3.48 6.25
4 7.25 7.08
5 10.19 5.57
6 9.29 4.45
7 4.94
EXAMPLE
BM1 0.95 225.50
1 3
2 2.3
From the given profile leveling
TP1 3.13 0.64
notes:
3 2.7
4 2.8
a. What is the difference in
5 3.1
elevation between station 5
6 0.5
and 2
7 0.8
b. Compute the elevation of
TP2 2.16 1.28
TP2
8 0.9
c. Compute the elevation of
9 1.2
BM2
10 1.7
11 2.8
TP3 0.82 2.37
TP4 1.35 3.50
12 3.0
BM2 1.24
Differential Leveling
E.Common Mistakes
1. Misreading the rod - reading 3.54 instead of
3.45
Common Mistakes
5. Level rod not vertical
In leveling across a deep and wide river, reciprocal level readings were taken
between two points, X and Y, as follows:
A. With instrument set up near X, the rod readings on X are 1.283m and
1.285m; on the distant point Y, the rod readings are 2.618m, 2.619m,
2.621m, and 2.622m.
B. With the instrument set up near Y, the rod readings on Y are 3.478m and
3.476m; on the distant point X, the rod readings are 2.143m, 2.140m, and
2.146m.
Determine the true difference in elevation between the two points and the
elevation of Y if the known elevation of X is 290.082 meters.