PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLIED ETHICS

Dr. Jose S. Valles Jr.

TECHNIQUES IN
PROFESSIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
STAGE 1
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF
DEVELOPING
PROFESSIONALISM ?
LESSON
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME

1. To deliver effective oral communications to individuals and to groups.

COMMUNICATION SKILLS
COMMUNICATION- DEFINITION IS THE ACT OF TRANSFERRING INFORMATION FROM ONE PLACE TO
ANOTHER. IT CAN BE;

1. VERBALLY OR VOCALLY - “Vocal” refers to spoken communication, while “verbal” refers to any form of
communication and can include such things as sign language or gesturing.
2. WRITTEN COMMUNICATION - Written communication is the exchange of information, ideas, or messages through
written language in the form of letters, emails, notes, and more. Our ability to write has transformed over time.
3. VISUALLY - Visual communication is the practice of using visual elements to get a message across, inspire change, or
evoke an emotion.
4. NON VERBALLY OR BODY LANGUAGE - Body language is the use of physical behavior, expressions, and
mannerisms to communicate nonverbally, often done instinctively rather than consciously.
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
• EFFECCTIVE COMMUNICATION- IS THE ABILITY TO PASS INFORMATION TO
OTHER PEOPLE AND TO UNDERSTAND WHAT ARE YOU SAYING OR VICE VERSA.

• EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IS THE MOST IMPORTANT OF ALL LIKE SKILLS

• EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IS NOT ONLY ABOUT JUST EXCHANGING

INFORMATION, IT IS ABOUT UNDERSTANDING THE EMOTIONS AND INTENSIONS
BEHIND THE INFORMATION
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
1. SENDER - THE ONE HAS SOME KIND OF INORMATION THAT HE OR SHE WANTS TO PRESENT TO
OTHERS.
2. MESSAGE – THE MESSAGE CONVEYED BY THE SENDER
3. ENCODING- MEANS THE CREATION OF MESSAGE (WHICH YOU WANT TO COMMUNICATE WITH
OTHER PERSON.)
4. RECIEVER – THE PERSON TO WHOM A MESSAGE IS DIRECTED IS CALLED THE RECIEVER OR
INTERPRETER.
5. CHANNEL REFERS TO WAY A MESSAGE SENT. IT CAN BE VOICE, AUDIO, WRITING, EMAIL, FAX
OR BODY
6. DECODING – WHICH MEANS TRANSLATING INFORMATION INTO A MESSAGE.
7. FEEDBACK – THE ULTIMATE ASPECT O COMMUNICATION PROCESS. THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS REACHES ITS FINAL POINT WHEN THE MESSAGE HAS BEEN SUCCEFULLY TRANSMITTED,
RECEIVED AND UNDERSTOOD.
FIVE STEP OF THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS

STEP 1 - SENDER HAS AN IDEA

STEP 2 - SENDER ENCODES THE IDEA IN A MESSAGE
STEP 3 - MESSAGE TRAVEL OVER CHANNEL
STEP 4 - RECIEVER DECODES THE MESSAGE
STEP 5 - FEEDBACK TRAVELS BACK TO SENDER
TIPS FOR IMPROVING THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

• SIMPLIFY YOUR MESSAGE • KNOW YOUR AUDIENCE

• BE A GOOD LISTENER
• ASK QUESTION
• TAKE TIME TO RESPOND
• CONSIDER OF BODY LANGUAGE • MAINTAIN EYE
CONTACT
• CLARIFY YOUR MESSAGE
COMMUNICATION BARRIERS

• THE USE OF JARGONS - Jargon is occupation-specific language used by people in a

given profession, the “shorthand” that people in the same profession use to
communicate with each other. For example, plumbers might use terms such as elbow,
ABS, sweating the pipes, reducer, flapper, snake, and rough-in.

• EMOTIONAL BARRIERS AND TABOOS - The meaning of emotional barriers is

quite simple and is exactly how it sounds. An emotional barrier is a mental limitation that
prevents you from openly communicating your thoughts and feelings.
COMMUNICATION BARRIERS
• LACK OF ATTENTION, INTEREST, DISTRACTION OR IRRELEVANCE TO
THE RECIEVER - When a person's mind is distracted or preoccupied with other things,
the person is not able to form proper messages, listen to what others tell him/her, interpret
the message as required and give proper feedback. The communication will face problems
and becomes ineffective.

• DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTION AND VIEWPOINT - it is your understanding of a

given situation, person, or object. It is the meaning you assign to any given stimulus.
Perspective is your point of view - it's the lens you see the world through and determines
how you view yourself, others, and everything else around you.
COMMUNICATION BARRIERS
• PHYSICAL DISABILITIES - Physical disabilities can range from minor problems to
more serious substantial difficulties. This disability may affect how well someone can
move their muscles and they may also have difficulties speaking due to lack of muscle tone
around the vital breathing muscles and vocal cords as well as the tongue and lips.

• LANGUAGE DIFFERENCES - A language difference is having the ability to speak

another language that is different from the language used for instruction or used by the
majority of people. Language differences are not an indication of a language disorder.
COMMUNICATION BARRIERS
• EXPECTATION AND PREJUDICE - People often hear what they expect to hear rather
than what is actually being said. In addition, jumping to incorrect conclusions is a frequent
communication problem. The listeners' expectations and prejudices can lead to false
assumptions, stereotyping and difficulties in being understood.

• CULTURE - Cultural communication can also be referred to as intercultural

communication and cross-cultural communication. Cultures are grouped together by a set
of similar beliefs, values, traditions, and expectations which call all contribute to
differences in communication between individuals of different cultures.
OVERCOMING COMMUNICATION BARRIERS

There are a lot of communication barriers faced these days by all. The message
intended by the sender is not understood by the receiver in the same terms and
sense and thus communication breakdown occurs. It is essential to deal and cope
up with these communication barriers so as to ensure smooth and effective
communication.

As, in the previous section we have discussed the major

barriers of communication. Let’s talk about how to overcome these barriers of
communication.
OVERCOMING COMMUNICATION BARRIERS
1. Eliminating differences in perception: The organization should ensure that it is recruiting right individuals
on the job. It’s the responsibility of the interviewer to ensure that the interviewee has command over the written
and spoken language.

2. Use of Simple Language: Use of simple and clear words should be emphasized. Use of ambiguous words and
jargons should be avoided.

3. Reduction and elimination of noise levels: Noise is the main communication barrier which must be
overcome on priority basis. It is essential to identify the source of noise and then eliminate that source.

4. Active Listening: Listen attentively and carefully. There is a difference between “listening” and “hearing”.
Active listening means hearing with proper understanding of the message that is heard. By asking questions the
speaker can ensure whether his/her message is understood or not by the receiver in the same terms as intended
by the speaker.
OVERCOMING COMMUNICATION BARRIERS
5. Emotional State: During communication one should make effective use of body language. He/she should not
show their emotions while communication as the receiver might misinterpret the message being delivered. For
example, if the conveyer of the message is in a bad mood then the receiver might think that the information
being delivered is not good.

6. Simple Organizational Structure: The organizational structure should not be complex. The number of
hierarchical levels should be optimum. There should be a ideal span of control within the organization. Simpler
the organizational structure, more effective will be the communication.

7. Avoid Information Overload: The managers should know how to prioritize their work. They should not
overload themselves with the work. They should spend quality time with their subordinates and should listen to
their problems and feedbacks actively.

8. Give Constructive Feedback: Avoid giving negative feedback. The contents of the feedback might be
negative, but it should be delivered constructively. Constructive feedback will lead to effective communication
between the superior and subordinate.
OVERCOMING COMMUNICATION BARRIERS

9. Proper Media Selection: The managers should properly select the medium of
communication. Simple messages should be conveyed orally, like: face to face
interaction or meetings. Use of written means of communication should be
encouraged for delivering complex messages. For significant messages
reminders can be given by using written means of communication such as:
Memos, Notices etc.

10. Flexibility in meeting the targets: For effective communication in an

organization the managers should ensure that the individuals are meeting their
targets timely without skipping the formal channels of communication. There
should not be much pressure on employees to meet their targets.
COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE

It includes verbal and written communication, such as

face-to-face conversations, phone calls, emails, and
reports. Effective workplace communication is crucial
for the smooth operations and success of an
organization, as it encourages collaboration,
coordination, and understanding among employees.
COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE

Workplace communication can be categorized into three types:

• involves the use of spoken words to convey information (meetings,

presentations, voice messages).
• involves the use of written words to convey information (emails, reports, slack
messages).
• involves the use of images, graphics, or other visual elements to convey
information (charts, diagrams, online meetings).
ELEMENTS OF EFFECTIVE WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION

1. Providing information and ideas that are relevant and useful to the
team.
2. Based on accurate and reliable information.
3. Easy to understand and free of ambiguity or confusion.
4.Convincing the team to take a specific action or adopt a particular
point of view.
5.Delivered so that decisions can be made and action is taken when
required.
 BUILDINF SELF-
ESTEEM AND SELF-
CONFIDENCE
What is Self-Esteem and Self
Confidence ?
Self-Esteem is the overall evaluation people make
of themselves, positive or negative. The self-
concept is what we think about ourselves. Self-
esteem is what we feel about ourselves.
The Chain Reaction

HIGH SEL ESTEEM SELF CONFIDENCE PERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS EMPLOYABILITY

Self esteem/inner confidence

• SELF LOVE
- Be your own cheerleader
- Reverse negative thpughts
“I am weak” - “I can be strong if I try”
“I am powerless” – I can take control”

“Nobody can make you feel inferior without your consent” – Eleanor Roosevelt
EIGHT SYMPTOMS OF SELF ESTEEM AND SELF
CONFIDENCE

1. Excitement about starting each day

2. Self-confidence for new assignments
3. Working up to potential
4. Tolerating negative feedback
5. Emotional lift from hard work
6. Accepting sincerity of compliments
7. Able to compliment others
8. Can face up to mistakes
HOW SELF ESTEEM DEVELOPS

Evolves during life based on interactions with people, events, and things.
Early-life encouragement is helpful.
Results from accomplishing worthwhile activities and then feeling proud.
Genuine accomplishment followed by praise and recognition is important.
Inappropriate compliments can turn person into narcissistic praise-junkie.
Many young adults feel insecure if they do not receive compliments regularly.
Study found that self-esteem was related to fair procedures in organization.
Self-esteem also related to leadership that encourages self-rewards.
Leader/supervisor can facilitate self-esteem by emphasizing self-rewards and justice .
HOW TO DEAL WITH INFERIORITY COMPLEX
(What Does It Mean?)

Inferiority Complex is a pathological state beyond the occasional feeling of

inadequacy, compelling an individual to feel diffident and overly critical of
themselves
A student feeling inferiority complex may feel below others in terms of
social, physical, intellectual, or psychological attributes. Feeling inferior
prevents one from comparing oneself with others in terms of knowledge of a
subject, the ability to perform a task, and so on.
IMPORTANCE OF SELF-CONFIDENCE
IMPORTANCE OF SELF-CONFIDENCE

1. Self-Confidence is that voice which originates from your inside

and gives you a lift to accomplish something which fears you.
2. It gives a flash to your psyche to improve and exceed
expectations in the following attempt.
3. It causes to concentrate on the regions which laid you down
4. The non appearance of confidence can be the explanation
behind your distress and disappointment.
WAYS TO DEVELOP SELF-CONFIDENCE
1. Talk about it with friends and loved ones.
2. Bounce back from your mistakes
3. Identify your success
4. Be thankful for what you have
5. Be positive, even if you don’t feel the same way
6. Look in the mirror and smile
7. Believe in your abilities
8. Gain knowledge
WAYS TO DEVELOP SELF-CONFIDENCE
9. Get prepared
10. Overcome your fears
11. Be happy
12. Do as much public speaking as possible
13. Get negative people out of your life
14.A lack of self-confidence can be linked to depression
15. Try something new everyday
WORKING ON ATTITUDES (AGGRESSIVE)
1. BE SELF-AWARE - Try to avoid any physical contact unless absolutely
necessary as this may cause provocation. Developing a friendly and open line of
communication will mean the individual is more likely to feel respected and will open
up to you about their frustrations, preventing the situation from escalating to aggression.

2. REMAIN OBJECTIVE - It is important to remember that an

aggressive situation is unlikely to be a deliberate personal attack. Workers can frequently
come into the ‘firing line’ from a member of the public simply by entering an
environment at the wrong time.
WORKING ON ATTITUDES (AGGRESSIVE)
3. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION – A message is only
partly told with words and the messages conveyed with body language and non-verbal cues
can enhance or betray what you’re saying. Open body language such as an open chest and
arms, facing the person and making respectful eye contact will encourage them to confide in
you.
4. ACTIVE LISTENING - One reason that someone might become aggressive, particularly
in a workplace situation, is if they feel they’re not being listened to or taken seriously.
Listening well is not a natural skill. People are often so intent on getting their own point
across that they miss half of what is being said. Allowing someone to speak and listening to
what they have to say often helps calm them down – in many cases, people simply need to
vent their frustration. Therefore, an important skill to have when dealing with people –
particularly when they’re behaving aggressively – is active listening.
WORKING ON ATTITUDES (AGGRESSIVE)
5. PROVIDE SOLUTIONS - When someone has become aggressive it
is likely a result of them feeling a lack of control towards the situation, they’re in. If possible,
once understanding the issue, you should try to offer a choice of proactive solutions. Allowing
the aggressor to choose between options will help them to regain a sense of control. For
example, “I can take down your complaint in writing or would you rather write it out in your
own words?”.

6. PROTECTING YOURSELF - our overall goal is to respond to

these situations effectively and safely. There is no “one size fits all” approach to managing
aggressive and abusive behaviour, but being prepared is crucial to successfully defusing the
situation.
WORKING ON ATTITUDES ( ASSERTIVE)

Assertiveness is an emotion that enables professionals to express their

opinions and respect their colleague's perspectives simultaneously.
Employees can defend their ideals while maintaining positive
connections with teammates and managers. Unlike aggression,
assertiveness considers how others feel.
1. Use appropriate body language
Body language refers to the stance and gestures you use when describing your thoughts. It's important
that your nonverbal cues match your words and reinforce your firmness. An employee that senses your
confidence in your body language may feel more inclined to listen to your verbal messages.

2. State your opinion clearly

Effective communication is a significant element of being assertive. An employee may trust your
judgment if you state your opinion in a way for them to understand. Here are ways you can express
yourself clearly:
• Know your audience. Tailor your message to match the professional background of your
conversational partner. For example, if you're speaking with a manager, you might use more
technical language.
• Be concise. Being concise can help you maintain the attention span of your audience. Avoid fluff
and explain your points directly, respecting the time of your colleague.
• Use specific wording. Make sure your coworker has a thorough comprehension of your message.
Consider using numbers or proper names to further illustrate your perspective.
3. Anticipate potential pushback
Pushback refers to resistance your colleague may have to your assertion. Preparing for
pushback can help you decide how to reinforce your point. As you practice your delivery,
contemplate how your colleague may respond to your initial pitch. Anticipate the concerns
they may express and strategize solutions to the problems. You can show your audience
you've thought carefully about your perspective, and being firm in your counters can further
display your assertiveness.
4. Be prepared to compromise
Compromising involves creating a solution that benefits both parties. It can demonstrate that
you respect your coworker's opinions and are willing to sacrifice some of your ideals.
Compromise can also maintain a positive relationship between you and your conversational
partner.
When developing your argument, prioritize your firm ideals and ones with more flexibility.
Monitor the climate of the conversation as it progressed. If you find your colleague remains
resistant to your message, then consider volunteering your flexible ideals to end the
conversation on a peaceful note.
5. Maintain a positive attitude
Maintaining a positive attitude can ease tension from interpersonal
conflict. Here are occasions where it may be helpful to be optimistic:
• Before you deliver your message: Thank them for their time. You
can also ask them how they're doing to build rapport.
• When you respond to your coworker's concerns: Assure your
coworker that you understand and respect their opinions. Practice
active listening to paraphrase their points before following up with
your own.
• After you reach an agreement: Thank your audience again for
meeting with you. Consider reminding them you look forward to
working with them in the future.
Tips for being assertive in the workplace

Find the right moment

The moment you choose to assert yourself can influence your audience's
response. Choose an occasion that allows your colleague to hear and understand
your viewpoint and provides enough time to reach an agreement. For example,
scheduling a meeting can allow you to prepare your message in advance.
Monitor the climate in your workspace to select the right moment to express
your thoughts.
For managers, consider your staff members' needs before exerting your
authority. For example, if you're delivering feedback on their work performance,
select a time that allows you and them to speak privately, which shows you
respect their autonomy.
Tips for being assertive in the workplace
Be mindful of your tone
As you defend your ideas, your tone can affect how your
audience perceives your mood. For instance, a raised tone can
mean you're becoming angry, while a soft tone can mean
you're sad or timid. Find a balance that shows your coworker
you're serious about your opinion but still approachable. Using
a friendly tone can also help you maintain positivity during the
conversation.
Tips for being assertive in the workplace
Write what you want to say

Writing your message can help you prepare your delivery. Transcribe the exact
words you plan to say and read over them to ensure they flow well. Contemplate
the directness of your message and how your audience may perceive it.
For example, if you find your message is too long, then omit a few words to
make it more concise and easier to deliver. You can also ask a friend or mentor to
read over your message and offer suggestions on how to improve it. Be sure to
use your written word as a guide and avoid memorizing it, which can help your
voice sound more natural for your delivery.
Tips for being assertive in the workplace
Use active verbs
Active verbs can make your perspective clearer, preventing
your audience from misinterpreting it. Examples include:
• Will
• Want
• Choose
• Believe
• Feel
WORKING ON ATTITUDES ( SUBMISSIVE)

Submissive people are mainly characterized by having low self-esteem and,

therefore, present significant problems when it comes to relating healthily and
maturely. This can be seen in their behavior and their mood, although in general
terms their behavior tends to be characterized by self-surrender and their
mood tends to be negative.
Some people are submissive in a very generalized way. However, others can be
perfectly mature people in some aspects of their lives and completely
submissive in others, they can even behave in a very authoritarian way in some
relationships and in a very submissive way in others.
WORKING ON ATTITUDES ( SUBMISSIVE)
1. Develop their level of awareness and judgment - Help detect what they think feel, need, and like
if they are not very clear about it. It is often easier to imitate what the other does so as not to think
or not to have to decide what to want or not to face the responsibility of doing it. If this becomes too
intense, the submissive person does not know what they think or what they want, so they must train
it.
2. Give them space to express themselves- Do not overwhelm. Take an interest in them. Ask them
what they think about things and what they feel like doing, listen to them, support them, reinforce
those positions in which we agree with them so that they know that what happens to them or what
they want has a value and that sometimes it’s an experience shared with us.
3. Help them differentiate disagreement from hostility - To show them that they may disagree with
us but that this does not influence our affection for them. At the root of submission is the fear of not
being accepted if I show myself as I am or if I disagree with what someone wants. The submissive
person needs to reinforce a sufficient experience of unconditionality in affections.
WORKING ON ATTITUDES ( SUBMISSIVE)
3. Give examples of non-submissive behavior - Offer them assertiveness models that broaden
their social and communicative skills. This is done when we educate children and adolescents and
teach them how to go shopping, how to ask for things, how to apologize, how to carry out
management, etc. We can also adapt this to an adult, without infantilizing them, but at as basic a level
as necessary. It is a matter of giving them tools that complement the essential background work that
must be done at a psychological level.
4. Find a good therapist - Suggest, if we have enough trust with that person and if we detect that
their behavior pattern negatively affects their well-being in a significant way, that it might be
interesting to talk about it with a psychologist who can help you see what is happening, why, and how
to start amending it step by step. A convenient, inexpensive and completely professional possibility is
to have online therapy through ifeel‘s platform, where you can have an informative session completely
free of charge before being assigned to the most suitable psychologist for your case.
 EXERCISE
ESSAY:

Individually, fill in the sheet giving examples of 2 situations in which you feel
confident and 2 situations in which you would like to feel more self-confident.

Working in Pairs, reveal one of each other.

FEEDBACK