Field Mathematics for Fluid Mechanics

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
I I T Delhi

Quantification of the Fundamental & Distributed

source of Actions……
 The Special Vector fields

• There are special vector fields that can be related to a

scalar field.
• There is a very real advantage in doing so because scalar
fields are far less complicated to work with than vector
fields.
• A vector field may be derived from a scalar field any time
the vector field is conservative.

• A conservative vector field is F required to have a zero
path integral over any closed path .
 
 F .dl  0
 Non Cyclic Integrals of the Special Vector Field

• There are integrals called path integrals which have quite

different properties.
• In general, a path integral does not define a function
because the integral will depend on the path.
• For different paths the integral will return different results.
• In order to define a vector field, the integral must depend
only on the end points.
• Then, a scalar field  will be related to the vector field F
by 2  
2    1   F .dl
1
 The Birth of A Special Operator
2 
2   1    F .dl
1
In order to justify the Cartesian system of description, the fundamental
Lemma states that;
2 2 2
2  1   Fx dx   Fy dy   Fz dz
1 1 1

F  Fx iˆ  Fy ˆj  Fz kˆ
  
Fx   Fy   Fz  
x y z
 The Fertility Operator

   ˆ  ˆ  ˆ 
F   i  j k
 x y z 

  ˆ  ˆ  ˆ
F   i   j   k 
 x y z 


F  
 Flow Fields Creating Complex Mechanical Force
Systems

• Laminar – Absolutely Deterministic …

– The structured tensors….
– The relations among tensors, vectors & Scalars
– Advanced Vector calculus…
• Turbulent – Statistically Deterministic….
– Concept of ensemble/temporal/spatial averaging.
– Creation of more tensors to develop deterministic approach…
– The issue of closure.
 Preliminary Vector Mathematics

• Vector and Tensor Analysis, Applications to Fluid

Mechanics
• Tensors in Three-Dimensional Euclidean Space
• Index Notation
• Vector Operations: Scalar, Vector and Tensor Products
• Contraction of Tensors
• Differential Operators in Fluid Mechanics
• Substantial Derivatives
• Differential Operator 
• Operator  Applied to Different Functions
 Real Fluids : A Resource of Gradients
• At the end of the 1640s, Pascal temporarily focused his
experiments on the physical sciences.
• Following in Evangelista Torricelli’s footsteps, Pascal
experimented with how atmospheric pressure could be
estimated in terms of weight.
 Hydrostatics

• A Field variable Recognized by the Pascal.

• Even based on pedagogical principle, to start with simple
matters and turn later to the complicated ones, Fluid
Mechanics traditionally starts with hydrostatics.
1
   p  0

p     Constant
These are the usually desired results picturing the connection
between pressure p, conservative external force field potential 
and density .
Vector Calculus to Describe Characteristics of Fluid
Mechanics
 Differential Operators in Fluid Mechanics

• In fluid mechanics, the particles of the working medium

undergo a time dependent or unsteady motion.
• The flow quantities such as the velocity V and the
thermodynamic properties of the working substance such
as pressure p, temperature T, density  or any arbitrary
flow quantity Q are generally functions of space and time.
   
V x , t ; px , t ; T x , t ;  x , t ........

During the flow process, these quantities generally change with

respect to time and space.
Variety of Pumps to Create Gradients for Human
Welfare
Turbo-Machines & GEOMETRIES
Deformation of Fluid Element
Projections of Fluid Deformations
 The Fertility (Gradient) of A vector
 v1 v2 v3 
 
 x1 x1 x1 
  v1 v2 v3 
v 
 x2 x2 x2 
 v v2 v3 
 1 
 x3 x3 x3 
T
 v1 v2 v3   v1 v1 v1 
   
 x1 x1 x1   x1 x2 x3 
T  v1 v2 v3  T  v2 v2 v2 
v  v 
 x2 x2 x2   x1 x2 x3 
 v  v v3 
v2 v3   3 v3
 1 
 x3 x3 x3   x1 x2 x3 
 1  T 1  T
v  v  v  v  v 
2 2 

 
D 
Mathematically Understood Flows