Pink

If you have to switch a body with someone

here in your classmates for a week, who
would it be and why?
Yellow
 Kung papilion ka Ateneo de Cebu or UC-
Banilad, asa man ka mamaligyag tempura?
Violet
 Kung ang pancit pampahaba ng buhay,
nganung wala man na gi riseta sa doctor?
Pink
Nakakalason pa rin ba ang lason kahit
expired na?
Yellow
 Bilang isang mag aaral sa larangan ng
agham, naiihi rin ba ang manananggal?
Violet
Kung natatanim ang sama ng loob, bakit
wala ito sa kantang bahay kubo?
Pink
If you are in a boat with your teacher and
your crush, then the boat suddenly sinks.
Who would you save and why?
Yellow
Sa iyong palagay, saan nagkulang ang mga
magulang ng duwende sa pagpapalaki sa
kanila?
Violet
Kung papipiliin ka kay Catriona Gray o Pia
Wurtzbach, ano ka sinuswerte?
Pink
Kung mayroon ka nalang tatlong buhok,
saan mo ito ilalagay?
Yellow
Naniniwala ka ba na ang Utot at ang Tula ay
ay magkaparehas dahil nanggaling sila sa
Poet? Bakit?
Violet
Kung ikaw halimbawa ay wanted, at may
reward kang 1 Million. Kapag ba sumuko
ka makukuha mo yung reward?
Pink
If you see an endangered animal eating an
endangered plant , what will you do?
Yellow
Sa Fire exit ba lumalabas ang fire pag may
sunog?
Violet
Kung papilion ka, nganong di man ako
imong gipili?
 Ethics
Foundations of Moral Valuation

Chapter II:
Utilitarianism
Objectives
⚬Discuss the basic principles of utilitarian ethics;
⚬Distinguish between two utilitarian models: the quantitative
model of Jeremy Bentham and the qualitative model of John
Stuart Mill; and
⚬Apply utilitarianism in understanding and evaluating local
and international scenarios.
 THE PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY
Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832)
• an advocate of economic freedom and women‘s rights
• Bentham believes that our actions are governed by two “sovereign master“
which he calls pleasure and pain
• the principle of utility refers to the motivation of our actions as guided by our
avoidance of pain and our desire for pleasure. On the other hand, the principle
also refers to pleasure as good if, and only if, they produce more happiness than
unhappiness.
• Bentham equates happiness with pleasure
John Stuart Mill (1806–1873)
• supports Benthams‘s theory of utility
• He reiterates moral good as happiness and, consequently, happiness as
pleasure. Mill clarifies that what makes people happy is intended pleasure and
what makes us unhappy is the privation of pleasure. The things that produce
happiness and pleasure are good; whereas, those that produce unhappiness and
pain are bad.
• Contrary to Bentham, Mill argues that quality is more preferable than quantity.
An excessive quantity of what is otherwise pleasurable might result in pain.
Whereas eating the right amount of food can be pleasurable, excessive eating
may not be.
• For Bentham and Mill, the pursuit for pleasure and the
avoidance of pain are not only important principles— they are
in fact the only principle in assessing an action’s morality.
• In determining the moral preferability of actions, Bentham
provides a framework for evaluating pleasure and pain
commonly called felicific calculus, a common currency
framework that calculates the pleasure that some actions can
produce.
The felicific calculus is an algorithm formulated or calculating the degree or amount of pleasure that a specific
action is likely to cause

To be included in this calculation are several variables (or vectors), which Bentham called
"circumstances". These are:
Intensity: How strong is the pleasure?
Duration: How long will the pleasure last?
Certainty or uncertainty: How likely or unlikely is it that the pleasure will occur?
Propinquity or remoteness: How soon will the pleasure occur?
Fecundity: The probability that the action will be followed by sensations of the same kind.
Purity: The probability that it will not be followed by sensations of the opposite kind.
Extent: How many people will be affected?
 THE PRINCIPLE OF THE GREATEST
NUMBER
• Utilitarianism is not only about our individual pleasures, regardless of how high,

intellectual, or in other ways noble it is, but it is also about the pleasure of the

greatest number affected by the consequences of our actions.

• utilitarianism is generally held to be the view that the morally right action is the

action that produces the most good.

According to the utilitarian, justice requires the maximization of the total or average welfare across all
relevant individuals. Punishment fights crime in three ways:
1. Deterrence. The credible threat of punishment might lead people to make different choices; well-
designed threats might lead people to make choices that maximize welfare. This matches some strong
intuitions about just punishment: that it should generally be proportional to the crime.

2.Rehabilitation. Punishment might make "bad people" into "better" ones. For the utilitarian, all that
"bad person" can mean is "person who's likely to cause unwanted things (like suffering)". So,
utilitarianism could recommend punishment that changes someone such that they are less likely to
cause bad things.

3. Security/Incapacitation. Perhaps there are people who are irredeemable causers of bad things. If so,
imprisoning them might maximize welfare by limiting their opportunities to cause harm and therefore
the benefit lies within protecting society.
 JUSTICE AND MORAL RIGHTS

Justice- is the principle that people receive that which they deserve
-respect for rights directed toward society’s pursuit for the greatest
number.
Rights- are related to the interests that serve general happiness.
Ex. The right to due process, right to free speech or religion
-
SYMBOLS OF JUSTICEBalance Scales: These represent impartiality and the obligation of
Justitia carries symbolic items such as: a
sword, scales and a blindfold
the law (through its representatives) to weigh the evidence
presented to the court.
Sword: This item symbolizes enforcement and respect, and means
that justice stands by its decision and ruling, and is able to take
action. The fact that the sword is unsheathed and very visible is a
sign that justice is transparent and is not an implement of fear. A
double-edged blade signifies that justice can rule against either of
the parties once the evidence has been perused, and it is bound to
enforce the ruling as well as protect or defend the innocent party.
Blindfold: This first appeared on a Lady Justice statue in the 16th
century, and has been used intermittently since then. Apparently, its
original significance was that the judicial system was tolerating
abuse or ignorance of aspects of the law. However, in modern
times, the blindfold represents the impartiality and objectivity of
the law and that it doesn’t let outside factors, such as politics,
wealth or fame, influence its decisions.
LESSON SUMMARY
• Bentham and Mill see moral good as pleasure, not merely self-gratification,
but also the greatest happiness principle or the greatest happiness for the
greatest number.
• In determining the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people,
there is no distinction between Bentham and Mill.
• Mill provides an adequate discourse on rights despite it being mistakenly
argued to be the weakness of utilitarianism.
• However, he also claims that in extreme circumstances, respect for
individual rights can be overridden to promote the better welfare especially
in circumstances of conflict valuation.
ASSESSMENT
thank you.
thank you.
thank you.
thank you.