UNIT 2 ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Construction of DC machine
 FLEMING’S RIGHT HAND
RULE
• It is applicable to electrical generators
• As per Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction,
whenever a conductor is forcefully moved in an
electromagnetic field, an emf gets induced across the
conductor. If the conductor is provided a closed path,
then the induced emf causes a current to flow.
• This rule states “Hold out the right hand with the first
finger, second finger and thumb at the right angle to
each other. If forefinger represents the direction of the
line of force, the thumb points in the direction of
motion or applied force, then second finger points in
the direction of the induced current”.
 FLEMING’S LEFT HAND
RULE

• Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a

magnetic field, the conductor experiences a force which
is perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the
direction of current.
• According to Fleming's left hand rule, if the thumb, fore-
finger and middle finger of the left hand are stretched to
be perpendicular to each other, the fore finger
represents the direction of magnetic field, the middle
finger represents the direction of current, then the
thumb represents the direction of force.
• Fleming's left hand rule is applicable to motors.
DC GENERATOR WORKING
DC GENERATOR WORKING
DC MOTOR WORKING
Types of DC Motor
 BACK EMF
• A motor has coils turning inside magnetic
fields, and a coil turning inside a magnetic
field induces an emf. This emf, known as the
BACK EMF.
• IT acts against the applied voltage that's
causing the motor to spin in the first place,
and reduces the current flowing through the
coils of the motor.
3 Point Starter
 3 Point Starter
• Construction wise a starter is a variable resistance, integrated into the number of
sections as shown in the figure. The contact points of these sections are called studs
and are shown separately as OFF, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, RUN. Other than that there are three
main points, referred to as
• ‘L’ Line terminal (Connected to positive of supply)
• ‘A’ Armature terminal (Connected to the armature winding)
• ‘F’ Field terminal (Connected to the field winding)
• The point ‘L’ is connected to an electromagnet called overload release (OLR) as
shown in the figure.
• The other end of OLR is connected to the lower end of conducting lever of starter
handle where spring is also attached with it, and the starter handle also contains a
soft iron piece housed on it.
• This handle is free to move to the other side RUN against the force of the spring. This
spring brings back the handle to its original OFF position under the influence of its
own force.
• Another parallel path is derived from the stud ‘1’, given to another electromagnet
called No Volt Coil (NVC) which is further connected to terminal ‘F.’ The starting
resistance at starting is entirely in series with the armature. The OLR and NVC act as
the two protecting devices of the starter.
2 Point Starter
.

• A starter used to limit the starting current in case of dc series motor is called two
point starters.
• The basic construction of two point starter is similar to that of three point starter
the fact that it has only two terminal namely line (L) and field F.
• The terminal is one end of the series combination of field and the armature
winding.
• When the handle is moved to on, motor gets the supply and the entire starting
resistance is in series with the armature and field. It limits the starting current.
• The current through no volt coil energizes it and when handle reaches to RUN
position, the no volt coil holds the handle by attracting the soft iron piece on the
handle. Hence the no volt coil is also called hold on coil.
• The main problem in case of dc series motor is its over speeding action when the
load is less. This can be prevented using two point starters.
• The no volt coil is designed in such a way that it holds the handle in RUN positions
only when it carries sufficient current, for which motor can run safely.
• If there is loss of load then current drawn by the motor decreases, due to which no
volt coil losses its required magnetism and releases the handle.
• Under spring force, handle comes back to OFF position, protecting the motor from
over speeding.
• Similarly if there is any supply problem such that voltage decreases suddenly
conditions.
Types of Transformers based on Cooling method
1. Oil Filled Self-Cooled Type
Oil filled self-cooled type uses small and medium-sized distribution transformers. The
assembled windings and core of such transformers are mounted in a welded, oil-tight
steel tanks provided with a steel cover. The tank is filled with purified, high quality
insulating oil as soon as the core is put back at its proper place. The oil helps in
transferring the heat from the core and the windings to the case from where it is radiated
out to the surroundings.
For smaller sized transformers the tanks are usually smooth surfaced, but for large size
transformers a greater heat radiation area is needed, and that too without disturbing the
cubical capacity of the tank. This is achieved by frequently corrugating the cases. Still
larger sizes are provided with radiation or pipes.
2. Oil Filled Water Cooled Type
This type is used for much more economic construction of large transformers, as the
above-told self-cooled method is very expensive. The same method is used here as well-
the windings and the core are immersed in the oil. The only difference is that a cooling
coil is mounted near the surface of the oil, through which cold water keeps circulating.
This water carries the heat from the device. This design is usually implemented on
transformers that are used in high voltage transmission lines. The biggest advantage of
such a design is that such transformers do not require housing other than their own. This
reduces the costs by a huge amount. Another advantage is that the maintenance and
inspection of this type is only needed once or twice in a year.
3. Air Blast Type
CORE OR IRON LOSSES
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF A
TRANSFORMER
THREE-PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR

Electrical Machines 37
• Three-phase induction motors are the most common
and frequently encountered asynchronous machine
in industry
• It can be considered to be the cheapest
• It is rugged and requires less maintenance
• It is simple in design.
• It gives reliable operation.
• Its efficiency is very high.
• It is easy to control
• It runs at constant speed from zero to full load
Electrical Machines 38
 CONSTRUCTION
The two basic parts of an AC motor are the
Stator and rotor
A stationary Stator
Outer Frame
Stator Core
Stator Winding
A revolving Rotor
Squirrel-cage induction motor
Slip-ring or Phase wound induction
motor
Electrical Machines 39
 CONSTRUCTION
A stationary stator
consisting of a steel frame
that supports a hollow, cylindrical core
A core, constructed from stacked laminations,
having a number of evenly spaced slots, providing
the space for the three phase stator winding
The six terminals of the winding are connected to
in the terminal box of the machine. They are
connected in star or delta
Electrical Machines 40
 CONSTRUCTION

A revolving rotor
composed of punched laminations, stacked to
create a series of rotor slots, providing space for
the rotor winding
one of two types of rotor windings
conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated
wire similar to the winding on the stator
aluminium bus bars shorted together at the ends
by two aluminum rings, forming a squirrel-cage
shaped circuit.
Electrical Machines 41
 CONSTRUCTION
Squirrel cage type:
Rotor winding is composed of
copper bars embedded in the rotor
slots and shorted at both end by
end rings
Simple, low cost, robust, low
maintenance
Wound rotor type:
Rotor winding is wound by wires.
The winding terminals can be
connected to external circuits
through slip rings and brushes.
Easy to control speed, more
expensive.
Electrical Machines 42
Construction

Electrical Machines 43
Electrical Machines 44
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
When a 3 phase stator winding is connected to a 3 phase
voltage supply, 3 phase current will flow in the windings,
windings
which also will induced 3 phase flux in the stator. These
flux will rotate at a speed called a Synchronous Speed, ns.
The flux is called as Rotating magnetic Field.
Synchronous speed is given by the expression

Where P = is the number of poles, and

f = the frequency of supply

Electrical Machines 45
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor
windings and produces an induced voltage in
the rotor windings
Due to the fact that the rotor windings are
short circuited, for both squirrel cage and
wound-rotor, and induced current flows in the
rotor windings
The rotor current produces another magnetic
field
A torque is produced as a result of the
interaction of those two magnetic fields
Electrical Machines 46
Electrical Machines 47
 SLIP
The rotor speed of an Induction machine is different
from the speed of Rotating magnetic field. The %
difference of the speed is called slip.

Where; Ns = synchronous speed (rpm)

N= mechanical speed of rotor
(rpm)
If the rotor runs at synchronous speed, s = 0. If the
rotor is stationary, s = Electrical
1 Machines 48
Basis For Comparison Slip Ring Motor Squirrel Cage motor

Defintion The rotor of the motor is The rotor of the motor is a

constructed as a slip ring type. squirrel cage type.
Rotor Cylindrical laminated core with The slots of the rotor are not
parallel slots and each slot consist parallel, but are skewed.
one bar.
Other name Phase wound rotor Cage motor

Construction Complicated Simple

Resistance Added external to the rotor The rotor bar is permanently

shorted at the end of the ring,
thus it is not possible to add
any external resistance.

Starter The rotor resistance starter can be Rotor resistance starter can
used. not be used.

Starting Torque High Low

Brushes Present Electrical Machines Absent 49

 COMPARISON OF SINGLE-PHASE AND
THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
 Single-phase induction motors are simple in
construction, reliable and economical for small power
rating as compared to three-phase induction motors.
The electrical power factor of single-phase induction
motors is low as compared to three-phase induction
motors.
For the same size, single-phase induction motors
develop about 50% of the output as that of three-phase
induction motors.
The starting torque is low for asynchronous motors.
The efficiency of single-phase induction motors is less as
compared to that of three-phase induction motors.
Electrical Machines 50