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Pulmonary Drug Delivery 3
Pulmonary Drug Delivery 3
DRUG DELIVERY
ROUTE
Introduction
• It provides a large surface area for drug absorption
• This route has unique advantages over other
routes.
• It has gained importance as a drug delivery system
Anatomy of Respiratory system
Advantages of Pulmonary Route
• Has a fast onset of action
• Avoids first pass metabolism
• Non invasive (needle free)
• Dose to produce effect can be reduced
• Large surface area for drug absorption
Barriers of Pulmonary Drug
Delivery
Mechanical barriers
a. Removal of drug by mucociliary system
b. Impaction of drug in mouth.
Chemical barriers
c. Breakdown by enzymes
d. Effect of surfactants
Immunological barriers
a. Engulfment by alveolar macrophages
Personal/Behavioral barriers
b. Non adherence to treatment
c. Poor inhalation techniques
Factors affecting drug absorption
and bioavailability
Physicochemical properties
Solubility
Increased solubility increases dissolution.
Increase in dissolution increases absorption.
Particle size
It is inversely proportional to absorption.
Salt form
The salt form of a drug has a greater dissolution.
This leads to increased absorption.
Lipophilicity.
Highly lipophilic drugs have high bioavailability .
They cross the cell membrane easily.
Formulation factors
Includes
a. Disintegration time
b. Manufacturing variables
c. Product age and storage conditions
d. Excipients used
Devised used to deliver medication are
a. Metered Dose Inhalers(MDIs)
b. Dry powder inhalers(DPI)
c. Nebulizers
Biopharmaceutical Analysis
• Invitro studies
Dissolution test
Tests rate at which the drug enters into solution.
Can predict the bioavailability of the drug.
Disintegration test
Predict the rate at which particles disintegrate.
Can predict bioavailability.
• Invivo studies
Plasma level studies
Plasma concentration equals amount administerd