LECTURE - 1

Solid State

By

Susil Sir… AAUGUSTE BRAVAIS

 Characteristics of
solids

Classification of
solids

Crystalline and
Amorphous solid
Outlines of this series
Distinction
between
crystalline and
amorphous solids

Concept of
anisotropy and
isotropy in crystal

Types of
crystalline solid
 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF SOLID
Solids have the following characteristics,
Definite shape, mass and volume.
Rigid in nature.
Practically incompressible and have mechanical strength.
Diffusion in case of solid is extremely slow.
Possess crystalline structure.
High density as compare to liquid and gases.
Sharp melting point.
Possess low entropy.
Can have only vibrational motion as the constituents have fixed positions.
From the above characteristics of solid , indicates that the constituents of
solids are closely packed and are held together by strong attractive force and
can’t move at random.
 Classification of Solids Molecular Polar
solids solids
Crystalline
Non-polar
solids Ionic solids solids

Solids Covalent or Hydrogen

Network bonded
Amorphous solids solids
solids
Metallic
solids
 CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
The solid in which the constituent
particles(atoms , molecules or ions)
are arranged in long range orderly
manner in a three dimensional network
and have a definite regular geometry is
called crystalline solid.
Ex:- NaCl, sulphur, sugar, quartz, Cu,
Ag, benzoic acid etc.
QUARTZ
AMORPHOUS SOLIDS
The solid in which the constituent
particles( atoms, molecules or ions)
does not have any pattern of
arrangement and does not have any
definite geometrical shape is called
amorphous solid.
Ex:- plastic, rubber, glass, Teflon, PVC
etc.
 SOME MORE EXAMPLES (IMAGES) OF
CRYSTALLINE AND AMORPHOUS SOLID

QUARTZ QUARTZ GLASS

 Distinction between crystalline and Amorphous solid
Property Crystalline Solid Amorphous Solid

Definite characteristic
Shape Irregular shape
geometrical shape
Melting point
Sharp Does not have sharp
Order in arrangement of
constituents particles
Long range order Short range order

Cleavage property Clean cleavage Irregular cut

Heat of fusion Definite Don’t have definite

Anisotropy nature Anisotropic in nature Isotropic in nature

Pseudo solids or super cooled

Nature True solid
liquids
UNDERSTANDING OF ANISOTROPY AND
ISOTROPY IN CRYSTALS
 Constituent Binding Physical Electrical Melting
Type of solid examples
CLASSIFICATION OF CRYSTALLINE SOLID BASED UPON BINDING

PROPERTIES OF FOUR TYPES OF CRYSTALLINE SOLID units force nature conductivity point

Dispersion or
Molecular
London forces
a. Non polar
Dipole-dipole Soft Insulator Very low Ar, CC,,
b. Polar molecules
interaction Soft Insulator Low HCl,
c. Hydrogen
Hydrogen hard insulator low ( ice)
bonded
bonding
Insulator in
solid state
FORCE

Coulombic or Hard but and NaCl, MgO,

ionic inos High
electrostatic brittle conductor in ZnS
molten &
fused state
+ve ions in a Hard but Conductor in
sea of Metallic malleable and solid state Fe, Cu, Ag
metallic Fairly high
delocalised bonding ductile and in molten
electrons state

Covalent or Covalent Hard Insulator ,SiC,AlN

atoms Very high
network bonding Graphite soft conductor C(d), C(g)
 EXAMPLES OF FOUR TYPES OF CRYSTALLINE
SOLIDS

NaCl Crystal Fullerene

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