MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE

(GENERAL)

DESSERTATION

USE OF LATEST ( COST

EFFECTIVE)CONSTRUCTION
TECHNIQUE AND MATERIALS

LITERATURE REVIEW

PRESENTED BY,
AR. ANKUR BANSAL
WHAT IS LOW
COST BUILDING
MATERIAL?

Low cost house is a new

concept which deals with
effective budgeting and use
of techniques which help in
reducing the cost of
construction by the use of
locally available materials
along with improved skills
and technology without
compromising the strength,
performance and life of the
structure.

Hence, it has become a

necessity to adopt cost
effective, innovative and
environment-friendly
housing technologies for
the construction of houses
and buildings for enabling
the common people to
construct houses at
affordable cost.
 SELECTION OF LOW COST
B U I L D I N G M AT E R I A L - :

○ Manufacturing of Low Cost Building Materials

□ Environmental friendly
□ Improve technologies for production

□ Reduction in waste generation

○ Use of Recycled Waste as Building Materials

□ Waste produced can be used for the production of a

material cheaper in cost

○ Use of Natural Low Cost Building Materials

□ Natural materials are sustainable and environmental
friendly

□ Materials like stone , wood ,lime ,bamboo ,sand have low

embodied energy

○ Use of Local Building Materials

□ Reduces transportation dependence

□ Suitable for local environment

○ Use of non-toxic Building Materials
□ Materials to be free from any kind of toxins

□ Higher air cycling required if any highly organic volatile

compounds are used

○ Longevity, Durability and Maintenance

□ Use of durable construction materials decreases the
maintenance cost

□ Low maintenance cost saves a lot of building operating

costs
 N AT U R A L -
R A N D O M S T R AW OR
C OC O NU T FIBRES
S TA B I L I S E D S O IL - :

• Ancient construction material used in

many countries
• Have both strength and durability
• Compacted material
• 1% of straw increases the strength by
three time as compared to no straw
• Coconut fibres increases the durability
• Sulphur coating enhances the water
resistance

• Coir, or coconut fibre, is a natural

fibre extracted from the husk of
coconut and used in products such as
floor mats, doormats, brushes and
mattresses. Coir is the fibrous material
found between the hard, internal shell
and the outer coat of a coconut.

•Coconut fibre are agricultural

waste products obtained in
the processing of coconut oil
and are available in large
quantities in the tropical
regions of the world, most
especially in Africa, Asia and
America. Coconut fibre are
not commonly used in the
construction industry but are
often dumped as agricultural
wastes. However, with the
quest for affordable housing
system for both the rural and
urban population in the
developing countries.
 N AT U R A L B A M B O O - :
•The various advantages of bamboo are as
mentioned below:
•Tensile strength: Bamboo has higher tensile
strength than steel because its fibers run
axially.
•Fire Resistance: Capability of bamboo to
resist fire is very high and it can withstand
temperature up to 4000 C. This is due to the
presence of high value of silicate acid and
water.
•Elasticity: Bamboo is widely preferred in
earthquake prone regions due to its elastic
features.
•Weight of bamboo: Bamboos due to their low
weight are easily displaced or installed making
it very easier for transportation and
construction.
•Unlike other building materials like cement and
asbestos, bamboo poses no danger to health.
•They are cost effective and easy to use.
•They are especially in great demand in
earthquake prone areas.
Bamboo as a building material has high
compressive strength and low weight has been one
of the most used building material as support for
concrete, especially in those locations where it is
found in abundance. bamboo as
a building material is used for the construction of
scaffolding, bridges and structures, houses.

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 N AT U R A L
COMPRESSED EARTH
BLOCK-:
NATURAL

• Raw earth stabilised by cement

or lime
• Also known as Adobe
bricks ,light in weight
• Non toxic
• Fire resistant ,Sound
resistant
• Low transportation cost
• Insect resistant as they are
very dense
• Available in customizable
sizes
• Used in stucco work for
exteriors

•Shipping cost: Suitable soils are often available at or near the

construction site. Adobe and CEB are of similar weight, but
distance from a source supply gives CEB an advantage. Also,
CEB can be made available in places where adobe
manufacturing operations are non-existent.
•Uniformity: CEB can be manufactured to a predictable size
and has true flat sides and 90-degree angle edges. This
makes design and costing easier. This also provides the
contractor the option of making the exteriors look like
conventional stucco houses.
•Presses allow blocks to be consistently made of uniform size,
while also obtaining strengths that exceed the ASTM standard
for concrete blocks (1900 psi).
•Non-toxic: materials are completely natural, non-toxic, and do
not out-gas
•Sound resistant: an important feature in high-density
neighborhoods, residential areas adjacent to industrial zones
•Fire resistant: earthen walls do not burn
•Insect resistant: Insects are discouraged because the walls
are solid and very dense, and have no food value
•Mold resistant: there is no cellulose material - such as in
wood, Oriented Strand Board or drywall - that can host mold or
rot CEB can be pressed from damp earth. Because it is not
wet, the drying time is much shorter. 1
0
 N AT U R A L
NON-ERODIBLE M U D
PLASTER-:

• Economical process of
preventing mud walls from
erosion
• Mud mixed with bitumen and
kerosene oil
• Resistant to water

N AT U R A L S T R AW - :
• Fire resistant
• Thermal insulation
• Soil and Moisture insulation
• Non toxic
Life Extended Thatch Roofing
• Treating with copper sulphate solution
decreases the biodegradability
• Treatment of roof surface with phosphorylated
spray or CNSL oil imparts-
o Water proofing
o Termite resistance
o Fire resistance
o Weathering resistance
Improved Thatched Roofing
• CBRI advise to add mud platers in between to
increase fire and water resistance.

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1
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4
 N AT U R A L : C E M E N T C O M P O S I T E
B A G A S S E C E M E N T- BOARDS A N D
PA N E L S - :
• Fibrous matter after sugar is
extracted
• Sugarcane bagasse and Portland
cement is mixed
• High density boards

BAGASSE P V C BOARDS-:
• Sugarcane bagasse and PVC is
mixed as a binder
• Inherent self extinguishing
property
• Used in door shutters, sanitary
fixtures, pipes, cable,  Jute-Coir
cabinets. Composites
o
JUTE AND Economic
alternative for wood
COIR-: o Eg- coir ply boards
with jute face
veneer,
N AT U R A L : coir plus waste
rubber inside
BAGASSE PVC
BOARDS-:
• Widely available in India
 Coir-CNSL Board
o used for window and door shutter,
partitioning, false ceiling, furniture
etc.
o Single layer flat pressed medium
density board
o Low water absorption,
workable with wood tools
o Paintable, pre laminable, 1
screw able
5
 MAN MADE-
F LY A S H - :
• Mineral residue after burning burning coal
and fine glass
• Constitutes of silica, alumina and iron
Fly Ash Bricks
o Class C fly ash and water
o Due to high calcium oxide its self
cementing
o Energy efficient
o Lower water penetration, light weight,
thermal insulation

MAN MADE
C O A L WA S H E R Y R E J E C T S
BRICKS-:
• Left over after fluidised bed combustion
• Uses water and reduces air and land
pollution
• Energy efficient
• Red mud, coal ash, etc from large scale
industries can be used
• These are mixed with lime pozollona and
MAN MADE
cement to form bricks A E R O C O N PA N E L S - :
• Inorganic bonded sandwich panels
• 2 fibre cement sheets
engulfing a Portland
cement mix with fibres of
silica's and micaceous
aggregates
• Light weight, thermal insulation,
fire and sound resistant
• Termite and weather resistant
• Suitable for seismic or cyclone
prone
zones
 P LA S T E R - :

 Calcium Silicate Plaster

o Derived from Wollanstonite naturally
occurring calcium silicate
o Does not emit VOC or any other harmful
gases
o Gives a smooth finish

 Fibre Reinforced clay plaster

o Natural or artificial fibre(polypropylene)
o Achieve better sticking properties
o Less Brittles

R O O F IN G - :

 Bamboo Matt Roofing Corrugated

Sheets
o Better than clay and Mangalore tiles
o Preferred for semi permanent
structures
 CONSTRUCTION
TECHNIQUES-:

F O U N D A T IO N S - :
When the soil is strong and hard there
is no need for either to concrete or
the layer of thick stonework.

Usually stop at floor level (30 or 40

cm
above ground level.).

Take them 45 cm
higher and you have a
ready made bed or
seat!

When soil is poor and soft – it is

usual to dig a wide trench and cover
the bottom with concrete. On this a
wide stone wall 50- 60cm is built on
top of that.

SUN DRIED B R I C K S - :

This is very old, well

tried and tested mud
brick system common
in many parts of kerala.
If properly made,
these mud sun dried
bricks are capable of
being used for a two
sto- rey house.
 R AT T R A P B O N D - :
The RAT TRAP BOND is still mainly unknown in
india, though used in england for the past
several hundred years. It is as strong as the
other bonds but uses 25% LESS bricks and
mortar.
Thermal insulation is very much better.

The CAVITY in the RAT TRAP BOND wall

Bricks are laid on edge, not flat.
This creates a ‘bonded cavity
ensures good insulation from heat and cold.
This can be ruined by a poor mason carelessly
slopping mortar into the cavity while he is
building. To avoid this
1. Make sure the mortar is not too wet, and
2.Use a 3” wide strip of wood, laid over the
central cavity and place the mortar on both
sided of it.

BRICK JALI-:
‘Jali’ - formerly pierced stone panels – is one
of india’s oldest methods of letting into a
building filteredlightand ventilation but
maintaining privacy and security.

BRICK JALI can function in the same way –

either as
panels or as a complete load bearing wall.
 CORBEL ARCH-:
The usual round and segmental arches need
shuttering or su p p o rt during
construction.

The corbel arch needs no support and is

extremely simple and easy to make.

One quarter of a brick is extended out from

th e brick below it. The write r successfully
used such ‘arches’ over openings up to 5
meters wide.

ARCHES-:
Arches can be of different shapes and
sizes and are much less costly than
r.C. Lintels.

But while constructing them,

some sort of frame work or
support is necessary.

P RESSED In one building t he re may

be arches of different
BRICKS-: sizes so make the
frame for the smallest – and add a
row or two of dry bricks (No mortar) for
A hand operated the larger arches.
machine compresses
the earth into hard, P I S E (R A M M E D
smooth, strong bricks
(the machine can be EARTH)-:
owned by the W i t h a pro pe rly
community or made f r a m e ( which
panchayat). can be taken to
pieces) rammed
These can be used for e a r t h makes a very
even t h r e e storey strong wall.
houses, though each
storey must be It is essentially good
protected form rain by for large, low, solid
overhanging slabs. looking buildings or i t
can take t h e w e i g h
t of heavy r o o f ing
such as r e i n fo r c
ed c o n c r e t e .
 DON’T USE P LASTER-:

Unless it is really necessary. Put it

all over a building and it accounts
for about 10% of the total cost !

Fungus grows on it outside.

People finger it, and lean on it,
inside. It either looks dirty and
ugly or you have to repaint it
every year at considerable cost.

There are a few places where it is

useful - kitchen, bathrooms, but
elsewhere, neat brickwork looks
better.

SERVE NO PURPOSE EXCEPT TO COLLECT LEAVES.

THEYARE UNNECESSARYANDCOSTLY - SO DON’T
USETHEM.

DOORS-:
Doors do n o t have to have frames, panels,
etc. A few planks can be fixed t o g e t h e r
w it h strap hinges to form a stro ng door.

A little bit of cutting can give a small

pattern.

The cost will be much less than half the

cost of a normal door

WINDOWS-:
A window with a frame and a shutter, with glass,
and perhaps a metal grill, is very costly.

A simple 1” thick, 9” wide plank of wood, with a

rounded protrusion at both ends, will fit into 2
strips of wood (30 or 35 cm long, 8 cm wide)
and youhave a ‘window’!

Even when it is open, no one can climb

through the two 4 inch openings, so no grill is
required. If a larger window is needed, put 2 or
3 in a row.
 LOFTS AND BUNKS-:

When a sloping roof is asked for (or a

sloping site makes a sloping roof more
e co n o mica l) t h e r e is usually quote a l o t
of spare space under the lower sloping
parts and these can be used not only for
shelves and storage but also for seats and
beds.

JACK ARCH ROOFS-:

They are easy to construct, save on cement

and steel, are more appropriate in hot
climates.
These can be constructed using compressed
earth blocks also as alternative to bricks for
further economy.
LOW COST HOUSING DWARKA, SECTOR 23-

INTRODUCTION-:
The construction site at dwarka
sec 23 .
the project is under dda of building
2300 housing .
the total cost has been pegged at
rs 762.3 crores and the project is
expected to be completed by
october 2013.

All housing complexes will have

amenities like grocery shops,
parks, community centres,
chowkidar hut, parking spaces
and ananganwadi centre in
each block.
SUN PATH
VARIOUS ASPECTS OF COST REDUCTIONS
•optimum utilisation of land
•functional design of buildings
•optimum use of building materiaals
•rationalization of specifications
•proper scheduling of works
•new construction materials and techniques
FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE OF MATERIALS
•sustainable use of local material DESIGN
•availiblity of skilled labour
•scale of construction CASE
•cost variation with alternative materials STUDY
•availblity of power
•disaster resistant requirements
•environmental aspects
•typology based on geo climatic conditionsLOW COST
HOUSING
DWARKA
SEC 23

PREVAILING
WINDS

MONSOONAL
WINDS

KEY PLAN
 SITE PLAN

SITE
PLAN

ZONING
BUILT UP
•The units are essentially two-room unit
LANDSCAPE
with separate w.c and bath cubicles and
COMMUNITY kitchen BATCH: 2009-14
HALL AND
with a sit-out balcony.
OTHER FACILITIES •Typology of building blocks- walkup
units with five floors.
•Total building height -less than 15
WALKWAYS
mts.
•One staircase catering four units at
each level
, and access to roof is through m.s.
ladder
 PROPOSED TECHNIQUES-:

RAM LOCHAN TILE

•The outer surface of the
rlt is a thin tile that can be
made with different
textures, colours, and
materials.
•The tile is made with a 1:2
mix of cement and marble
or stone chips that is cast
into a simple mould and
de- moulded after about
half an hour.
•After 48 hours curing the
tile is ready to be used.
•The tile forms the outer
impermeable and
permanent surface of a
rlt.
•The composition of the
tiles backup block can
range from mud, lean
concrete etc.
•The rationale behind the form of the
structure is the triangulation of a cuboid
that uniformly distributes load.
•This results in a trussed formation,
which uniformly distributes load, as
well as external and internal forces.
•The skeleton of the structure is a steel
welded truss member that is connected
with cuboid nodes used as connectors.
•This joint has been
the significant innovation that has
simplified the construction process.
simple joints facilitate all
combinations.
•Components can further be pulled out
atdifferent junctions and levels for
construction of upper
storeys and terraces.

A FRAME

PRE TENSION WALL

•walls using interlocking
blocks attempt to respect
this present day
contradiction within rcc,
•by using continuous holes
for inserting high tension
bars which are pre-
stressed from the ends,
through the surrounding
frame,
•thus locking the blocks
into position
•the cavities are then filled
with fine river sand.
•thus the tension in the
walls thatmaybe caused
by a horizontal thrust
will
be taken by the steel
and the compression by
the concrete
 PROPOSED TECHNIQUES-:
VENE BOLCKS
•it comprises of a mould
SWARAN SINGH BLOCK made of timber. the
mould is used to make
the adobe blocks right
•Take a simple, manually operated block where the wall is to be
making machine as available with most erected, and relies on a
of the building centres simple non-
•Take a stiff pvc sheet or red mud plastic mechanised procedure.
•the mould is placed
sheet cut to the size of the base of the
mould. where required and
•Coat it with used mobil oil to prevent then earth mixture is
adhesion and facilitate easy poured in and
demoulding from the surface of the compacted within the
block. mould.
•Stone pieces of different colors and •once the mould is filled
arrange them in patterns as may be and all the earth within
desired for the purpose of articulation compacted, the mould is
of materials. lifted out and moved
•Prepare a 1: 3 mix of cement and ahead to make the next
sand mortar. pour the mortar evenly block.
•the same process is
over the stone chips
•The vibration helps integration of the repeated. the mould
stone ensures that the blocks
•pieces with the cement mortar to form are laid precisely and
an impermeable diaphragm.. gives it a cleaner finish
than the rough, hand
•surface of the wall and will require compacted adobe walls.
a flash coat later if at all, only to
even out the surface.
•repeat the process of
compaction. the jute pieces play
an important role as they bind
the whole mud mix well and
also allow for easy lifting of the
large mud block
 PROPOSED TECHNIQUES-:

GEODESIC DOMES

•G domes are made of simple

sections of domes in triangular
shape
•The sections are made for
members and facing
•These sections are joined using
mild steel plates
•Then lined with facing

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
•reduce plinth area by using thinner
walls
•frequent changes in design should
be avoided
•building should be in regular shapes
such as squre, rectangle
•basement srea should be minimum
•rationalize every component of
house so that chajjas and balcony
sizes are reduced
•pre cast lintels to be used
•ceiling height to be kept as minimum
as possible
•minimum sunken slabs for toilets
and kitchens
•single stack system for plumbing to
be used
•pvc pipes for water supply and
drainage
•evaporative roof cooling system to
be designed
•use of prefabricated structural
members
•use of other low cosst and
alternative building materials.