ENGINES, MOTORS, AND

MOBILITY (ME F
317)
BITS Pilani Dr. RANJIT S PATIL
Mechanical Engineering
K K Birla Goa Campus
 TOPIC
Introduction to IC
BITS Pilani
Engines
K K Birla Goa Campus
 BITS Pilani
K K Birla Goa Campus

Lecture No. 1
Outline

 Classification of Heat Engines

 Engine Components and Nomenclature
 Working Principle
 Classification and Applications of IC Engines
 First Law Analysis of Engine and
 Performance Characteristics

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Engine

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 BITS Pilani
K K Birla Goa Campus

Lecture No. 2
Introduction

 Heat engine
It can be defined as any engine that converts thermal
energy to mechanical work output.
 steam engine (National Museum UK),
 diesel engine,
 gasoline (petrol) engine.

 On the basis FROM WHERE thermal energy is being

delivered to the heat engine after the combustion of fuel;
heat engine can be classified as:
 Internal combustion engine (IC Engine)
 External combustion engine.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Introduction

 Internal combustion engine:

combustion takes place within the engine
 Gasoline (petrol) or diesel engines

 External combustion engine:

combustion takes place outside the engine
 Steam engine or steam turbine is an example of
external combustion engine, where the working
fluid is steam.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Introduction

 Internal combustion engines may be classified as :

 Spark Ignition engines.
 Compression Ignition engines.

 Spark ignition engine (SI engine): An engine in which the

combustion process in each cycle is started by use of an
external spark.

 Compression ignition engine (CI engine): An engine in

which the combustion process starts when the air-fuel
mixture self ignites due to high temperature in the
combustion chamber caused by high compression.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Engine

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Introduction

 Spark ignition and Compression Ignition engine operate on

either a four stroke cycle or a two stroke cycle.

 Four stroke cycle : It has four piston strokes over two

revolutions of crank shaft per cycle.

 Two stroke cycle : It has two piston strokes over one

revolution for each cycle.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Engine

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Engine Components

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Engine Components

 Cylinder Block: It is the main supporting structures for the

various parts. Part that covers and encloses the cylinder.
It contains cooling fins or water jackets.

 Cylinder head is mounted on the cylinder block.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Engine Components

 Cylinder : The circular cylinders in the

engine block in which the pistons
reciprocates.

 Piston : A movable part fitted into a

cylinder, which can receive and transmit
the power. Through connecting rod, piston
forces the crank shaft to rotate.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Engine Components
 Combustion chamber: The bottom end of the cylinder head and the piston face
where combustion occurs.
 The size of combustion chamber continuously changes from minimum volume
when the piston is at TDC to a maximum volume when the piston at BDC.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 BITS Pilani
K K Birla Goa Campus

Lecture No. 3
Engine Components

 Crankshaft : Rotating shaft through which engine work

output is supplied to external systems.
 It is rotated by the reciprocating pistons through the
connecting rods connected to the crankshaft,

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Engine Components

 Connecting rod : Rod connecting the piston with the rotating

crankshaft, usually made of steel or alloy forging in most
engines but may be aluminum in some small engines.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Engine Components
 Piston rings: Metal rings that fit
into circumferential grooves
around the piston and form a
sliding surface against the cylinder
walls.
 Four stroke: Three rings, Top two
are compression rings (sealing the
compression pressure in the
cylinder) and the third is an oil ring
(scrapes excessive oil from the
cylinder walls)
 Two Stroke: has Two Rings. Both
the rings are Compression rings.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Engine Components

 Intake manifold : Piping system which delivers incoming air

to the cylinders, usually made of cast metal, plastic, or
composite material.
 In most SI engines, fuel is added to the air in the intake
manifold system by carburetor.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Engine Components

 Spark plug : Electrical device used to

initiate combustion in SI engine by
creating high voltage discharge across
an electrode gap.

 Valves:
 Exhaust Valve lets the exhaust gases
escape the combustion Chamber.
(Diameter is smaller than Intake valve)
 Intake Valve lets the air or air fuel
mixture to enter the combustion
chamber. (Diameter is larger than the
exhaust valve)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Engine Components

 Exhaust manifold : Piping system which carries exhaust

gases away from the engine cylinders, usually made of cast
iron .

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Engine Components
 Exhaust System: Flow system for
removing exhaust gases from the cylinders,
treating them, and exhausting them to the
surroundings.

 It consists of an exhaust manifold which carries the

exhaust gases away from the engine, a thermal or catalytic
converter to reduce emissions, a muffler to reduce engine
noise, and a tailpipe to carry the exhaust gases away.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Engine Components

 Animated Engine

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 BITS Pilani
K K Birla Goa Campus

Lecture No. 4
Engine Terminology or
Nomenclature

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Engine Terminology

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Engine Terminology

 Top Dead Center (TDC): Position of the piston when it

stops at the furthest point away from the crankshaft.
 Top because this position is at the top of the engines, and
dead because the piston stops as this point.
 Some sources call this position Head End Dead Center
(HEDC).
 Some source call this point TOP Center (TC).
 When the piston is at TDC, the volume in the cylinder is a
minimum called the clearance volume.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Engine Terminology

 Bottom Dead Center (BDC) : Position of the piston when

it stops at the point closest to the crankshaft.
 Some sources call this Crank End Dead Center (CEDC.
Some source call this point Bottom Center (BC).

 Stroke : Distance traveled by the piston from one extreme

position to the other : TDC to BDC OR BDC to TDC.

 Bore : It is defined as cylinder inner diameter or piston

face diameter; in general piston face diameter is same as
cylinder diameter ( minus small clearance).

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Engine Terminology
 Swept volume/Displacement volume : Volume displaced
by the piston as it travels through one stroke.
 Swept volume is defined as stroke times bore area.

 Clearance volume : It is the minimum volume of the

cylinder available for the charge (air or air fuel mixture)
when the piston reaches at its outermost point (top dead
center or outer dead center) during compression stroke of
the cycle.
 Minimum volume of combustion chamber with piston at
TDC.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Engine Terminology

 Compression ratio : The ratio of total volume to the

clearance volume of the cylinder is the compression ratio
of the engine.
 Typically compression ratio for SI engines varies form 8 to
10 and for CI engines it varies from 15 to 20.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 BITS Pilani
K K Birla Goa Campus

Lecture No. 5
Working Principle of SI Engine
4 Stroke

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Working Principle of SI Engine
4 Stroke

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Working Principle of CI Engine
4 Stroke

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Working Principle of CI Engine
4 Stroke

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 BITS Pilani
K K Birla Goa Campus

Lecture No. 6-7

Important Points

Q.1. Why Otto and Diesel engines are recommended for auto-
industries while Rankine and Brayton cycles for Power generation
industries?
Q.2. Why SI engines have power stroke (process of power generation
i.e heat and pressure) at V=C and CI engines have it at P=C?
Q.3. Why the compression ratio is less for SI engines than CI engines
although Auto-ignition temperature of Petrol i.e Gasoline (270 deg
Cel.) is greater than Diesel fuel (210 deg Cel.)?
Q.4. Why diesel can NOT be used as a fuel in SI Engines? What are
HCCI Engines?
Q.5. Why both together “KEY ON and KICK” is required while starting
the two-wheeler? OR > Purpose of Button start ?

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Important Points

Q.6. Why SI engines are preferred in two wheelers?

1. Low compression ratio with SI engines hence their small size
make them suitable for 2 wheelers.
2. Thus small engine gives compactness and reduced overall
weight of the bike.
3. CI engine has more knock and vibrations hence extra
flywheel may be required to add for smooth operation which
further increases the cost and weight of the bike.
4. SI engines have lower maintenance issues than CI engines
(more vibration, replacement of diesel filter).
5. CI engines requires separate fuel pump, which further
increases cost and space requirement.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Important Points

Q.7. Why two wheeler engines are air cooled while big engines for
cars/trucks/buses are water cooled?
(To carry away sufficient amount of heat from the engine in order to avoid
thermal stresses, engines are made either water or air cooled. In big
engines large heat and power generation take place comparatively
small engines. Water has thermal conductivity and specific heat
comparatively more than air medium hence to maintain almost same
thermal stress level for a given time of operation in big engines are
preferred with water cooling system. Subsequently you can observe
almost same level of thermal efficiency in both the types of engines.
Note that thermal efficiency may vary based on exhaust losses, valve
related timings, type of fuel used (which impact on Compression ratio,
PV diagram, average temperature inside the cylinder) etc.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Comparison: SI vs CI
Engines
SI Engine CI Engine
1. OTTO Cycle for Petrol (Gasoline) 1. Diesel Cycle for Diesel Fuel
2. Constant Volume Heat Addition 2. Constant Pressure Heat Addition
3. Air + Petrol enters at Suction stroke 3. Only air enters at suction stroke, at the
end of compression stroke Diesel is injected
4. Carburetor and Spark Plug with 4. Fuel pump and Fuel injector are
Ignition system are required. required.
5. Compression ratio = 8 to 10 5. Compression ratio = 16 to 20
6. Lower Compression ratio, hence 6. Higher Compression ratio, hence higher
lower thermal efficiency thermal efficiency
7. Homogeneous combustion hence 7. Heterogeneous combustion hence low
high speed engines (due to light weight speed engines (due to high weight engine
engine components) hence high power components) hence low power engines.
(rpm * torque) engines. Lower mileage Mileage (since diesel has energy 38 MJ/Lit),
(since petrol has energy 34 MJ/Lit), Noise & vibration are comparatively more
noise, vibration and maintenance. and maintenance also.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 BITS Pilani
K K Birla Goa Campus

Lecture No. 8
Working Principle of Two
Stroke IC Engines

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

4 Stroke Vs 2 Stroke
Engines
4 Stroke Engine 2 Stroke Engine
1. One power stroke per 2 1. One Power stroke for every
revolutions of crank shaft hence its revolution of crank shaft so its turning
turning moment is not uniform so moment is uniform so lighter
heavier flywheel is needed. flywheel may be required.
2. Because of One power stroke per 2. Because of Two power strokes per
2 revolutions of crank shaft, power 2 revolutions of crank shaft, power
produced by same size, same speed 4 produced by same size - same speed
stroke engine is less than 2 stroke or same size – same torque engine is
engine theoretically double than 4 stroke
engine*(Please see next slide).
3. Because of less power generation, 3. Because of high power generation,
it requires lesser cooling and it requires greater cooling and
lubrication. lubrication.
4. Valve mechanism is used hence 4. Ports are used so it is mechanically
complex arrangement and costlier simpler, hence less costlier than 4
than 2 stroke. stroke.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
• * Actually power produced by same sized, same speed 2 stroke engine will not
be double than power produced by same sized 4 stroke engine. But it will be
increased by only about 30% due to reduced effective expansion stroke and
loss of air + petrol or loss of air in case of diesel engine.
• ** Two stroke petrol/diesel engine where fuel escapes with exhaust and
reduced effective expansion stroke which results in lower thermal efficiency.
Hence now a days all two wheelers have 4 stroke engines which are
considerably compact and light in weight.
• ** However 2 strokes engines may be preferred over 4 strokes engines when
power output requirement is high. But the main problem with 2 stroke petrol and
diesel engine is the greater cooling and lubrication requirement because of in
the same time interval, higher power generation by 2 stroke engines than same
sized same speed 4 stroke engines. Also comparative to 4 stroke engines,
double fuel supply is required to get 30% excess power in 2 strokes engines.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

4 Stroke Vs 2 Stroke
Engines
4 Stroke Engine 2 Stroke Engines

5. Used in cars, buses, trucks, 5. Used in scooters,

aero planes, power generation. motorcycles.**(Please see
previous slide).

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 BITS Pilani
K K Birla Goa Campus

Lecture No. 9
First Law Analysis of
Engine

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Engine Performance Parameters
(also refer class notes)

(i) Indicated thermal Efficiency

(ii) Brake thermal Efficiency
(iii) Mechanical Efficiency
(iv) Volumetric Efficiency
(v) Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio
(vi) Mean Effective Pressure
(vii) Mean Piston Speed
(viii) Specific Fuel Consumption
(ix) Air fuel Ratio

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

1) Indicated thermal efficiency = ITE = IP / Energy
IP i.e Indicated Power provided to the piston / Input fuel energy in kW or kJ
= IP in KW / (mass of fuel/sec in kg/s) * (Calorific value of fuel in kJ/kg)

2) Brake thermal efficiency = BTE = BP / Energy

BP i.e brake power is the delivered power / Input fuel energy in kW or kJ
= BP in KW / (mass of fuel/sec in kg/s) * (Calorific value of fuel in kJ/kg)

3) Mechanical efficiency = ME = BP / IP = BTE / ITE

4) Volumetric efficiency = Volume of air inducted in the cylinder per cycle or per
suction stroke i.e swept volume i.e stroke volume i.e displacement volume

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 BITS Pilani
K K Birla Goa Campus

Lecture No. 10
5) Efficiency ratio =
Actual thermal efficiency / Ideal Thermal efficiency i.e air standard efficiency
6) Mean Effective Pressure (MEP) = Average pressure inside the cylinder
IMEP = 60* 1000 * IP / LAnK = Indicated MEP in N/m^2 per cylinder per cycle
BMEP = 60 * 1000 * BP / LAnK = Brake MEP in N/m^2 per cylinder per cycle
Where IP and BP are in KW
L = Stroke length in m
A = Piston cross section area in m^2
n = number of power strokes per minute
n = N/2 for 4 stroke engines, n = N for 2 stroke engine
N = Number of revolutions of the crankshaft per minute
K = number of cylinders

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

7) Mean Piston speed = Maximum distance travelled by the
piston per revolution of the crankshaft * number of
revolutions made by the crankshaft per minute
= (2L * N) m/min
= 2L * N/60 m/s

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Note

1) If Diameter of piston (D) = Stroke Length (L)

then it is Known as Square Engine. For
square engine D/L = 1.

2) For Under Square Engine, D < L OR say D/L

< 1.

3) For Over Square Engine, D > L OR say D/L >

1.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Q.1

The engine of the Fiat car has four

cylinders, each of 68 mm bore
and 75 mm stroke. The
Compression ratio is 8. Determine
the cubic capacity of the engine
and the clearance volume of each
cylinder.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Q.1 Solution

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Q.2

A Certain Engine delivers 100 kW

brake power. It requires 25 kW to
overcome the friction. Find its
mechanical efficiency.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Q.2 Solution

Mechanical Efficiency = BP / IP = BP / (BP + FP)

= 100 / (100 + 25) = 80%

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Q.3.

The indicated thermal efficiency of four stroke

engine is 32% and its mechanical efficiency
is 78%. The fuel consumption rate is 20
kg/h running at fixed speed. The brake
mean effective pressure developed is 6 bar
and the mean piston speed is 12 m/s.
Assuming it to be a single cylinder square
engine, calculate the speed of the engine.
Calorific value of fuel is 42000 kJ/kg.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 BITS Pilani
K K Birla Goa Campus

Lecture No. 11
Q.3 Solution

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Q.3 Solution Continue

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Q.4
An S.I. Engine has a fuel-air ratio of 0.07. Find
how much kg/hr of air required for an output of
75 kW at an brake thermal efficiency of 20% ?.
Also find BSFC.
How much m^3/hr of air required if the density of
the air is 1.2 kg/m^3 ?.
If the fuel vapour has a density four times that of
air, how much m^3/hr of the mixture is required?
The calorific value of the fuel is 43700 kJ/kg.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Q.4 Solution Continue
Brake thermal efficiency = BTE = BP / Energy
= BP i.e brake power is the delivered power / Input fuel energy
in kW or kJ
= BP in KW / (mass of fuel/sec in kg/s) * (Calorific value of fuel
in kJ/kg
0.2 = 75 / Mf * 43700 gives Mf = 30.89 kg/hr

Hence BSFC = Mf / BP = 30.89 / 75 = 0.412 kg /kW-hr

Now, Air-Fuel ratio = A/F = Ma / Mf

Therefore, Ma = 30.89 / 0.07 = 441.3 kg/hr
Hence, Va = 441.3 / density of air = 441.3 / 1.2 = 367.8 m^3/hr
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Q.4 Solution Continue

Now, Vf = Mf / density of fuel

Vf = 30.89 / 4 * density of air = 30.89 / 4* 1.2 = 6.4 m^3/hr

Hence mixture volume = Air Volume + Fuel Volume

= 367.8 + 6.4
= 374.2 m^3/hr

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

NOTE

Q.1.30 (Unsolved Question in TB):

Answers given in TB are wrong
hence do follow correct procedure.

Q.1.28 (Unsolved Question in TB) :

Assume 4 Cylinder engine.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Q.6 (1.30)

A single cylinder, four stroke engine has

a BSFC of 1.13 x 10^-5 kg/kW.s and
fuel consumption rate of 0.4068 kg/h.
The specific power output of the engine
is 0.33 kW/cm^2. If the engine runs at
3000 rpm, Find the displacement
volume of the cylinder and if the mean
piston speed is 15 m/s, find the BMEP.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus