SI AND CI ENGINE

By
Richa Nanda
Roll no. - 220105079
 Engine

Engine: An engine is a device which transform chemical

energy of fuel to thermal energy which is used to produce
mechanical work. It is classified into:

Internal combustion External combustion

engine engine
External combustion engine:
 Internal combustion engine

Spark ignition Compression

engine ignition engine
Cylinder components
 Piston rings

● A piston ring is a metallic

split ring that is attached
to the outer diameter of a
piston in internal
combustion engine or
steam engine.
● Piston rings a gap is provided for the thermal
expansion.
● Piston rings should be made lubricating and
brittle material.
● No plastic deformation should take place.
● Blow by losses - If air fuel mixture leaks out
before combustion due to detect in piston
rings, these losses are known as blow by
losses.
 Spark plug _ +

High potential
difference As the spark gap,
strength of the
spark increases
Material reaches to a max
● Platinum value then it
(theoretical) starts decreasing. Air resistance
● Ni-alloy
(practical)
Piston: It is used to reciprocate in an engine to rotate
crankshaft through connecting rod.A piston subject to high
temperatures and high pressures during its reciprocation in
a cylinder of an internal combustion engine is required to
have a high strength and a high resistance against wear and
to be lightweight. As a material for such a piston, an Al
(aluminium) alloy containing Si (silicon) is widely used.
Cylinder - It is a container fitted with piston where fuel is
burnt and power is produced.
Connecting rod - used to transmit reciprocating motion to
rotary motion.
Stroke volume (Vs ) - It is the
displacement volume of the piston
between top dead centre (TDC) to
TDC
bottom dead centre (BDC)

Clearance volume (VC ) - It is volume Stroke (L)

between the cylinder head and piston
top when cylinder head is at top dead
centre BDC

L = 2r
Vs = π/4 D2 L 2r
Total volume of cylinder = Vs + VC
Clearance ratio - VC / Vs
 4 stroke SI engine

A four-stroke engine is an internal combustion (IC) engine in

which the piston completes four separate strokes while
turning the crankshaft. It gives one power stroke in 4 stroke
i.e. 2 revolution of crankshaft. These four stroke are -
● Suction
● Compression
● Expansion
● Exhaust
 Before spark
Vacuum Tfuel = Tflash
Major exhaust
Pcy ≥ 15 bar
gases (Pcy ≥ 5 bar)
Py = Patm Minor exhaust
gases (Pcy ≥ Patm
After spark:
Tcy = Tfire
Pcy ≥ 75 bar
Pcy< Patm
 Combustion in SI engine:

Combustion is dependent upon rate

of propagation of flame front or flame
speed

As engine speed For lean mixture, flame

increases flame speed is slower. For
speed also rich mixture, flame
increases speed is fast.
 Stages of combustion :

1 - Ignition lag stage

2 - Flame propagation stage

3 - After burning stage

 Combustion in SI engine

Abnormal combustion -
Normal combustion -
When flame gets deviated
When flame travels
from normal behaviour and
uniformly across the
gets and resulting in loss of
cylinder.
performance or damages.
 Abnormal combustion in SI engine

Pre-ignition -
Detonation -
It when fuel mixture
It is due to auto ignition of end
burned before spark
portion of unburned charge in
ignition during
combustion chamber which
compression stroke.
creates sudden energy release
in very short time.
 Phenomenon of detonation in SI engine

If the temperature of end charge had

not reached its self ignition
temperature the charge would not auto
ignite and flame will advance further.

Now,if the end charge reaches to auto

ignition temperature the charge will auto
ignite and second flame develops where
collision occur between the flame and high
sudden pressure is developed which causes
loss power and damages in cylinder. This is
known as knocking.
Factors affecting detonation in SI engine

● Compression ratio
● Distance of flame travel
● Increase in load
● Advancing of spark
● Location of spark plug
● Engine speed
● Fuel quality
 Combustion in CI engine

Combustion in CI engine is quite different from SI

engine, combustion in CI engine in an unsteady
process occuring simultaneously in many spots
controlled by fuel injector.
Power is produced in 4 stroke
● Suction
● Compression
● Fuel injection
● Expansion
 Stages of combustion in CI engine

● Ignition Delay Period

● Period of Uncontrolled Combustion
● Period of Controlled Combustion
● After Burning
Knocking in CI engine
Thank you