STRUCTURE OF THE

EARTH
LESSON 1

Presented by Group 1
 CRUST
Crust is the thinnest layer of the
earth. It is the layer that makes up
the earth surface and it lies on top
of a harder layer called mantel.
TWO TYPES OF
CRUST
OCEANIC CRUST
AND
CONTINENTAL CRUST
OCEANIC CRUST
- Oceanic crust is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of the tectonic
plates. It is composed of upper oceanic crust with pillow lavas and a dike
complex, and the lower oceanic composed of troctolite, gabbro and ultramafic
cumulates. The crust overlies the rigid of uppermost layer of mantle
CONTINENTAL CRUST
-Continental crust is the layer of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary
rocks that forms the geological continents and the areas of shallow seabed
close to their shores, known as continental shelves.
 LITHOSPHERE
• The lithosphere is the rigid outer layer
of the Earth and is composed of rocks
and minerals. It is made up of the
entire crust as well as the upper part of
the mantle. This rigid layer of solid
rock "floats" on top of the
asthenosphere, a layer of plastic-like
rock in the upper part of the mantle.
 MANTLE
• A mantle is a layer inside a
planetary body bounded
below by a core and above by
a crust. Mantles are made of
rock or ices, and are
generally the largest and
most massive layer of the
planetary body. Mantles are
characteristic of planetary
bodies that have undergone
differentiation by density.
TWO TYPES OF
MANTLE
UPPER MANTLE
AND
LOWER MANTLE
UPPER MANTLE
-The upper mantle is a layer of the interior of the
Earth. It exists between the crust and the transition
zone. The very uppermost portion of the mantle is
part of the lithosphere, a layer that includes the
crust. This layer is hard and brittle and is where
tectonic plates exist. The layer beneath is the
asthenosphere
LOWER MANTLE
-The lower mantle, historically also known as the
mesosphere, represents approximately 56% of
Earth's total volume, and is the region from 660 to
2900 km below Earth's surface; between the
transition zone and the outer core.
 CORE
• Core is the very hot, very dense center
of our planet. The ball-shaped core
lies beneath the cool, brittle crust and
the mostly solid mantle. The core is
found about 2,900 kilometers 1,802
miles below Earth’s surface, and has a
radius of about 3,485 kilometers 2,165
miles.
The central or innermost portion of
the Earth, lying below the mantle and
probably consisting of iron and nickel.
TWO TYPES OF CORE
OUTER CORE
AND
INNER CORE
OUTER CORE
The outer core, about 2,200 kilometers thick, is
mostly composed of liquid iron and nickel. The
NiFe alloy of the outer core is very hot, between
4,500° and 5,500° Celsius. The outer core is the
second innermost layer of the Earth, situated
between the inner core and the mantle.
INNER CORE
Inner core is the innermost layer of the earth. It
has the heaviest minerals of highest density,
Nickel and Iron i.e Nife. The outer core is liquid
while the inner core is solid.
EARTHQUAKES
LESSON 1

Presented by Group 1
 EARTHQUAKE
• An earthquake is an intense
shaking of Earth’s surface. The
shaking is caused by
movements in Earth’s outermost
layer. Earthquake is what
happens when two blocks of the
earth suddenly slip past one
another. The surface where they
slip is called the fault or fault
plane.
TREMOR
• A tremor is a type of shaking
movement. A tremor is most often
noticed in the hands and arms. It
may affect any body part, including
the head, tongue, or vocal cords.
Muscular atrophy is the decrease in
size and wasting of muscle tissue.
Muscles that lose their nerve supply
can atrophy and simply waste away.
SEISMIC WAVES
• Seismic waves are caused by the
sudden movement of materials
within the Earth, such as slip along a
fault during an earthquake. Volcanic
eruptions, explosions, landslides,
avalanches, and even rushing rivers
can also cause seismic waves.
FAULTS
• A fault is a fracture or zone of
fractures between two blocks of
rock. Faults allow the blocks to
move relative to each other. This
movement may occur rapidly, in the
form of an earthquake - or may
occur slowly, in the form of creep.
Faults may range in length from a
few millimeters to thousands of
kilometers
 TYPES OF FAULTS
NORMAL FAULT
THRUST FAULT OR REVERSE FAULT AND
STRIKE SLIP FAULT
 NORMAL FAULT
• Normal fault a dip-slip fault in which
the block above the fault has moved
downward relative to the block below.
This type of faulting occurs in response
to extension and is often observed in
the Western United States Basin and
Range Province and along oceanic
ridge systems
 THRUST FAULT
• Thrust fault is a dip-slip fault in which
the upper block, above the fault plane,
moves up and over the lower block.
This type of faulting is common in
areas of compression, such as regions
where one plate is being subducted
under another as in Japan
STRIKE SLIP FAULT
• Strike-slip faults are vertical (or nearly
vertical) fractures where the blocks
have mostly moved horizontally. If the
block opposite an observer looking
across the fault moves to the right, the
slip style is termed right-lateral; if the
block moves to the left, the motion is
termed left-lateral.
SAN ANDREAS FAULT

ElyCarl