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Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA

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DNA/RNA IS GENETIC MATERIAL

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Transformation title style
in Bacteria

• In 1928, Frederick Griffith identified bacterial transformation

• He used both virulent and avirulent Streptococcus pneumoniae in
his research.

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for Bacteria

• In 1944, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty published

what is now considered a classic paper in the field of molecular genetics.
• They demonstrated that DNA is the transforming principle.
• In their experiments, they removed the protein from the transforming
extract through organic solvent extraction.
• After this treatment, proteins were absent from the transforming extract.
• They found that the transforming principle was still active, which meant
the heat-killed bacteria were still able to convert live avirulent cells to
virulent cells

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for Bacteriophage

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for Viruses

• It has been demonstrated that the other type of nucleic acid, RNA
can also be a genetic material
• It was first demonstrated that when purified RNA from tobacco
mosaic virus was spread on tobacco leaves.
• Retroviruses utilizes RNA as their genetic material

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Components titleAcids
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• DNA and RNA are composed of various combinations of nucleic

acids.
• These are macromolecules that exist as polymers called
polynucleotides.
• Composed of many monomers called nucleotides.
• Three components of nucleic acids
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogenous base
• Pentose sugar

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Nitrogenous Base
BASES
• Purine (2)
• Contains two-fused nitrogen-containing ring
• Adenine
• Guanine
• Pyrimidine (3)
• Has one nitrogen-containing ring
• Cytosine
• Thymine
• Uracil

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Pentose SugarMaster title style

• Types of Nucleic Acids

• DNA
• RNA

• SUGARS
• DNA – 2-deoxyribose (2-deoxy means that an oxygen atom is missing from
the C2 position of ribose
• RNA – ribose

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Phosphate Master title style
Group

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The Structure of DNA molecules

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Rules

• In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick proposed the theory that
DNA exist as a double helix.
• The double helix model was mainly based on the X-ray diffraction
data collected by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins.
• The DNA composition studies observed by Erwin Chargaff

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rules

1. Two long polynucleotide chains are coiled around a central axis, forming a right handed
double helix.
2. The two DNA strand are antiparallel, that is, their 5’-3’ orientation runs in opposite direction.
3. The base of both chains lie perpendicular to the axis, and they are stacked on one another.
4. The nitrogenous bases of opposite chains are paired as the result of the formation of a
hydrogen bond in DNA.
5. Each complete turn 34 angstroms long.
6. The double helix has a diameter of 20 angstroms.
7. The amount of adenine residues is proportional to the amount of thymine residues in DNA.
Also, the amount of guanin residues is proportional to the amount of cytosine.
8. The sum of the purines equal to the sum of pyrimidine.
9. The percentage of (G+C) is not necessarily equal the percentage of (A+T)
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subunit in the DNA structure

• Watson-Crick model places the sugar-phosphate backbones on the

outside of the double helix and carries the negative charges on the
phosphate group.
• The two polypeptide chains run in opposite directions known as
antiparallel.
• The nitrogenous bases are on the inside the double helix.

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