“ Heaven’s Light is Our Guide”

Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology

(RUET), Rajshahi-6204, Bangladesh

Covered Topic:

K “Transient and Steady

C
Ma
ss F State Response”

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Course Title. : Instrumentation and Control
Course No. : ME 3115
Presented By

Name Roll

Sifat *******
Table of Contents:
Introduction Conclusions
Brief Intro to Concluding and
transient and ensuring proper
steady state understanding
response
01 02 03 04 05

Why to study Solving problem References

Understanding the Step by step
importance problem solving
 Why to study transient and steady state response?

Transient analysis is extremely useful for analyzing a circuit's

response due to an AC or DC driving voltage. Although most
people will opt to examine the behavior of a circuit driven with an
AC source in the frequency domain, it is difficult to examine the
transient behavior without further calculations.

Steady State analysis means observing system as time reaches

infinity. Consider a windmill in a Plateau with constant wind
speed, your expectation is the wind mill should give maximum
output, to check this we perform steady state analysis so that if
we find any steady state error we can rectify it by applying
adequate filters or controllers (integrator).
Second Section

Displacement
A brief introduction to
Steady
different types of state
responses : Featuring Transient
the Transient and
Steady state response
The response of the control systems can be analyzed in both the time domain and
the frequency domain. In this slide our discussion will be limited to time domain
analysis only.

What is time response?

When the output of control system for an input varies with respect to time, then it
is called the time response of the control system.

The time response can be classified into two parts. They are-
 Transient response

 Steady state response

Here, both the transient and the steady states are indicated in the figure. The
responses corresponding to these states are known as transient and steady state
responses.
The mathematical expression of the time response c(t) as-

c(t) = ctr(t) + css(t)

Here, ctr(t) is the transient response and css(t) is the steady state response.
What is Transient Response?
After applying input to the control system, output takes certain time to reach steady state. So, the
output will be in transient state till it goes to a steady state. Therefore, the response of the control
system during the transient state is known as transient response. The transient response will be
zero for large values of ‘t’. Ideally, this value of ‘t’ is infinity and practically, it is five times
constant.

What is steady state response?

The part of the time response that remains even after the transient response has zero value for
large values of ‘t’ is known as steady state response. This means, the transient response will be
zero even during the steady state. It is a function of input signal and termed as forced signal.
 First-order systems:
The solution of the equation is,

(
𝒂
Considering a first-order system with 𝒃𝟎 −
𝒂
y(t) as the input to the system and x(t) the 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝒌 𝟏 −𝒆
𝟎
output and which has a forcing input and
can be described by a differential When t ∞ the exponential term tends to
equation of the form, zero. The exponential term thus gives that
part of the response which is the transient
solution. The steady-state response is the
𝒅𝒙
+ 𝒂𝟎 𝒙 =𝒃𝟎 𝒚 value of x when t ∞ and so is (> )k. Thus
𝒅𝒕 the equation can be written as

(
𝒂𝟎
−
𝒂𝟏
Where , and are constant. 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒚 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝑿 𝟏− 𝒆
Second-order systems:

Many second-order systems can be considered to be analogous to essentially

just a stretched spring with a mass and some means of providing damping. The
equation describing the relationship between the input of force F and the output of a
displacement x is
𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒎 𝟐
+𝒄 +𝒌 𝒙…………….(1)
=𝑭
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
where m is the mass, c is the damping constant and k is the spring constant.
A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words !
Consider a mass on the end of a spring. In the
absence of any damping and with this system left to
Ma oscillate freely without being forced, the output of the
ss F
second-order system is a continuous oscillation .
x = A sin t

The solution of the equation (l) is,

𝒔 =− 𝜻 𝝎 𝒏 ± 𝝎 𝒏 √ 𝜻 − 𝟏
𝟐

is termed the damping factor.

 Conditions: = 1: Critically damped
There are two equal real roots =
> 1: Over damped
so the general solution for is,

There are two different real roots and :

=− 𝜻 𝝎 𝒏 +𝝎 𝒏 √ 𝜻 𝟐 − 𝟏
< 1: Under damped
=− 𝜻 𝝎 𝒏 − 𝝎 𝒏 √ 𝜻 𝟐
−𝟏
There are two complex roots
so the general solution for is,
𝒔𝟏 𝒕
𝒔 =− 𝜻𝒔
𝝎𝒕 𝒏
± 𝒋 𝝎𝒏 √ 𝟏 − 𝜻 𝟐

= 𝑨 𝒆 + 𝑩𝒆 𝟏

The general solution for is,

(P cos t + Q sin t)
 Let’s look at the problem:

Problem statement:

A system has an output x which varies with time t when subject to a step input of y and is described by

What is,
(a) the undamped frequency,
(b) the damping ratio, (c) the solution to the equation if x = 0 when, t = 0 and dx/dt = -2 when t = 0 and
there is a step input of size 3 units?
Solution:
Differential equation that relates the input y and output x,

Comparing the differential equation with standard second order differential equation
of system,

By comparing, = 25, = 10, = 1

(a) Undamped frequency ( natural frequency in Hz ),
= = 25
=5
 Undamped frequency is 5 Hz.

(b) Next task is to expressing damping ratio, in terms of ,

=
=1

Therefore the damping ratio is equal to 1.

(c) As the damping ratio is equal to 1 the output of the system is critically damped. For this the complete solution
might be,
+ 2y

As there is step input of size 3 the input y is equal to 3 and hence, by substituting 3 for y in the
equation and finally getting the simplified one,

+6
Since at, t = 0 the output x is zero, therefore, substituting zero for both t and x in the equation,

+ 2y
0 + 2y
So, B = -6
By differentiating the equation with respect to t,

+ 2y

At, t = 0 the differential term = -2 and substituting all the values,

-2
A= 5B – 2 = - 32
Substituting -6 for B and -32 for A in the equation and get the complete solution for the
problem,

+6
+6

Therefore the solution of the equation is found,

+6
 Conclusions:
Finally, it is obvious that the most important function of a
model devised for measurement or control systems is to be able
to predict what the output will be for a particular input. We
were not just concerned with a static situation, in such a way
that after some time when the steady state has been reached an
output of x corresponds to an input of y.

To describe the relationship between the input to a system and

its output we described the relationship between inputs and
outputs which were both possible functions of time. This was
done by the use of a differential equation that was discussed in
first order and second order segments.
References:
THANK YOU !!!

[1]
War, L. S. (2021). Mechatronics Electronic Control Systems in Mechanical and
Electrical Engineering Sixth Edition by William Bolton.
https://www.academia.edu/50094972/Mechatronics_Electronic_Control_Systems_
in_Mechanical_and_Electrical_Engineering_Sixth_Edition_by_William_Bolton

[2] Electrical4u.com. Retrieved September 21, 2022, from

https://www.electrical4u.com/transient-state-and-steady-state-response-o
f-control-system/