M.A.

DEFENCE AND STRATEGIC STUDIES

SUBJECT :- AREA STUDIES – CHINA

TOPIC :- CHINA’S RELATIONS WITH USA

SUBMITTED TO:- MRS. SUDESH RANI

SUBMITTED BY :- VIJETA SHARMA

ROLL.NO. :- 2021049023
 HISTORICAL EVENTS
• - 1839-1842: The First Opium War breaks out between China and Great Britain,
leading to China's defeat and the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing, which opens
several Chinese ports to foreign trade.

• - 1850-1864: The Taiping Rebellion, a massive civil war in China, leads to the
deaths of millions of people and weakens the Qing Dynasty.

• - 1899-1901: The Boxer Rebellion, a violent anti-foreigner uprising in China, leads

to the intervention of an international coalition that includes the United States.

• - 1911: The Xinhai Revolution overthrows the Qing Dynasty and establishes the
Republic of China.

• - 1945: The end of World War II sees the United States emerge as a global
superpower, while China is embroiled in a civil war between the Communist Party
and the Nationalist Party.
 EVENTS CONTINUED
• - 1949: The Communist Party under Mao Zedong wins the Chinese Civil War and
establishes the People's Republic of China. The United States does not recognize
the new government and continues to support the Nationalist government in
Taiwan.

• - 1950-1953: The Korean War breaks out, with China supporting North Korea
against U.S.-led forces. The conflict ends in a stalemate.

• - 1972: President Richard Nixon visits China and meets with Mao Zedong, marking
a historic thaw in relations between the two countries.

• - 1979: The United States formally recognizes the People's Republic of China and
establishes diplomatic relations.

• - 1989: The Tiananmen Square protests in Beijing lead to a violent crackdown by

Chinese authorities and strain relations between China and the United States.
 21 CENTURY EVENTS
ST

• - 2001: China joins the World Trade Organization,

paving the way for increased economic ties with the
United States.

• - 2018-2020: The United States and China engage in

a trade war, with both countries imposing tariffs on
each other's goods. Tensions also rise over issues
such as human rights, technology, and territorial
disputes in the South China Sea.
AREAS OF CONFLICT BETWEEN
CHINA AND USA

Technology

Taiwan
Trade Military

Ideology
 CHINA’S PERSPECTIVE
1. China denies the accusations of unfair trade
practices such as currency manipulation,
intellectual property theft, and forced
technology transfer.
2. China has responded to the US tariffs with
countermeasures, but has also expressed a
willingness to negotiate and find a solution.
3. The disruptions in global supply chains and
reduced demand for goods are not solely
caused by the trade war, but also by other
factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic and
changes in consumer behavior.
4. The trade war has had a negative impact on
both countries, but China has been able to
withstand the economic pressure and
maintain steady growth.
5. Negotiations between the two countries
have been ongoing, but progress has been
slow due to differences in priorities and
approaches.
6. China has denied responsibility for the
COVID-19 outbreak and has criticized the US
for politicizing the issue.
7. China argues that its state-owned
enterprises are necessary for strategic
industries and that they do not unfairly
compete with foreign companies.
TRADE AS AN AREA OF CONFLICT
USA’S PERSPECTIVE
1. The USA accuses China of unfair trade
practices such as currency manipulation,
intellectual property theft, and forced
technology transfer.
2. The USA has imposed tariffs on billions of
dollars' worth of Chinese goods, and China has
retaliated with tariffs on US goods.
3. This has led to disruptions in global supply
chains and reduced demand for goods.
4. The trade war has had a negative impact on
the global economy, with both countries
suffering losses.
5. Negotiations between the two countries
have been ongoing but have not yet resulted
in a resolution.
6. The COVID-19 pandemic has further
strained trade relations, with the USA blaming
China for the outbreak and demanding
compensation.
7. The USA has also accused China of using its
state-owned enterprises to unfairly compete
with foreign companies
• President Dwight Eisenhower lifts the U.S. navy blockade of Taiwan in 1953, leading Chiang Kai-shek to deploy thousands of troops to 1953 -1955
the Quemoy and Matsu islands in the Taiwan Strait in August 1954. Taiwan Blockade
• Washington signs a mutual defense treaty with Chiang’s Nationalists. In the spring of 1955, the United States threatens a nuclear attack
on China. That April, China agrees to negotiate, claiming a limited victory after the Nationalists' withdrawal from Dachen Island.
• Since then, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has viewed Taiwan as a “breakaway province,” and has sought to reunify the island with 1950
the mainland. End of Civil war
• In the 1950s, the US provided military assistance to Taiwan and recognized it as the legitimate government of China.
• Taiwan’s official name is the Republic of China, which is the same name as the People’s Republic of China, creating confusion over which 1949
China is being referred to. Win of Communist’s
• In 1949, the Chinese Nationalist (Kuomintang) government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, retreated to Taiwan after losing the Chinese Civil
War.
Taiwan as an Area of Conflict
 April 1971, Ping Pong Diplomacy
China’s ping-pong team invites
members of the U.S. team to China
. The United Nations recognizes
the People’s Republic of China,
endowing it with the permanent
Security Council seat that had
been held by Chiang Kai-shek’s U.S. President Jimmy
Republic of China on Taiwan since Carter grants China full
1945. diplomatic recognition,
while acknowledging
mainland China’s One-
China principle and
severing normal ties with
Taiwan. Chinese Vice
Premier Deng Xiaoping,
February 1972 Nixon Visits China who leads China through
President Richard Nixon spends eight days major economic reforms,
in China in February 1972, during which he
meets Chairman Mao and signs the visits the United States
Shanghai Communiqué with Premier Zhou shortly thereafter.
Enlai. The communiqué sets the stage for
improved U.S.-Sino relations by allowing
China and the United States to discuss
difficult issues, particularly Taiwan.
However, normalization of relations
between the two countries makes slow
progress for much of the decade .
TAIWAN IN LATE 20TH AND EARLY 21ST
CENTURY
Technology as An Area Of Conflict

The US has
The US has sought to limit
accused China the use of
of using cyber Huawei
attacks to steal technology in
intellectual the US, citing
security
property and concerns over
other their close ties
information to the Chinese
from US government.
companies.
 MILITARY AS AREA OF CONFLICT
• US Military Presence in Asia: US military bases in Japan, South Korea, and the Philippines have been
seen by China as a direct threat to their security and interests.

• South China Sea Dispute: The US has been vocal in its opposition to China’s actions in the South China
Sea, including the construction of artificial islands and military installations.

• Taiwan: China views US support for Taiwan as interference in its internal affairs, as China considers
Taiwan to be a part of its own country.

• North Korea: China and the US have clashed over the handling of North Korea’s nuclear program and
the threat it poses. China has urged the US to take a more diplomatic approach, while the US has
sought to keep pressure on North Korea.

• Military Build-up: The US has raised concerns over China’s military build-up, particularly in the South
China Sea, which it sees as militarizing the region and endangering US interests.
 WAY FORWARD
• Rather than reacting to Military efforts to negotiate principles for guiding the
relationship, it would be wise to present its concrete objectives for the year ahead. U.S.
Secretary of State Antony Blinken’s trip to China in the first quarter of 2023 provides an
opportunity for the United States to set the agenda. By laying out concrete goals and
signposts for advancing them, Blinken could orient the relationship toward America’s
top priorities and concerns. China’s focus on positive optics for Xi’s visit to the United
States in November will offer an opportunity to leverage form for substance.
• On the security front, both sides could take practical steps to lower risk. These include
reaching agreement on limits around uses of new and emerging technologies in areas
where both sides are vulnerable and no rules presently exist. For example, both sides
would benefit by establishing limits on uses of artificial intelligence-enabled
autonomous weapons systems. As a first step, both sides could agree that humans must
be responsible for all nuclear launch decisions and that such decisions must never be
delegated to artificial intelligence-enabled systems. Similarly, both sides have
demonstrated destructive anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons systems. They could agree to
limit future testing of ASAT weapons to prevent the creation of orbital debris.
THANKYOU!!!!!!