PRAYER:

Dear Lord we thank you for today, guide us Lord as

we learn, help us focus on our studies, remove all
distraction, and guide us in everything we do.
This is our prayer, In Jesus name we pray amen.
COMPARE AND CONTRAST PROCESS IN
PLANTS AND ANIMALS :
IMMUNE SYSTEM
 SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES AND
LEARNING COMPETENCY
Learning Competency
The learners shall be able to explain how immune systems work

Specific learning outcomes

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:

*compare innate and adaptive immune responses;

*describe how the innate immune response helps protect a person from illness;
*and explain why the innate immune response (inflammation in particular) is essential for a protective
immune response.
 RELEVANT VOCABULARY

• Immune system - A complex network of cells, tissues, organs, and the substances they make that helps the

body fight infections and other diseases

• Innate – Innate, or nonspecific, immunity is the defense system with which you were born. It protects you against all
antigens.

• Adaptive – Adaptive immunity involves specialized immune cells and antibodies that attack and destroy foreign
invaders and are able to prevent disease in the future by remembering what those substances look like and mounting a
new immune response.

• Immune response – The way the body defends itself against substances it sees as harmful or foreign.
In an immune response, the immune system recognizes the antigens (usually proteins) on the surface of
substances or microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, and attacks and destroys, or tries to destroy, them.
 MOTIVATION

• Picture analysis:
 MOTIVATION

• Picture analysis:

IMMUNE SYSTEM PATHOGENS

 LET’S LEARN!

• 2 types of immune system

• Innate immune system – Innate, or nonspecific, immunity is the defense system with
which you were born. It protects you against all antigens. Innate immunity involves
barriers that keep harmful materials from entering your body. These barriers form the
first line of defense in the immune response
• Adaptive immune system – Adaptive immunity involves specialized immune cells and
antibodies that attack and destroy foreign invaders and are able to prevent disease in the
future by remembering what those substances look like and mounting a new immune
response.
LET’S LEARN
 LET’S LEARN
• Innate immune response involveds:
• Barrier defence – Natural barriers include the skin, mucous membranes, tears, earwax, mucus, and stomach acid. Also, the normal flow of urine washes out
microorganisms that enter the urinary tract.
• Mucous membranes, such as the lining of the mouth, nose, and eyelids, are also effective barriers. Typically, mucous membranes are coated with secretions
that fight microorganisms. For example, the mucous membranes of the eyes are bathed in tears, which contain an enzyme called lysozyme that attacks bacteria
and helps protect the eyes from infection.
•
• The airways filter out particles that are present in the air that is inhaled. The walls of the passages in the nose and airways are coated with mucus.
Microorganisms in the air become stuck to the mucus, which is coughed up or blown out of the nose. Mucus removal is aided by the coordinated beating of
tiny hairlike projections (cilia) that line the airways. The cilia sweep the mucus up the airways, away from the lungs.
•
• The digestive tract has a series of effective barriers, including stomach acid, pancreatic enzymes, bile, and intestinal secretions. These substances can kill
bacteria or prevent them from multiplying. The contractions of the intestine (peristalsis, which moves contents of the bowel through the digestive tract), and
the normal shedding of cells lining the intestine help remove harmful microorganisms.
•
• The urinary tract also has several effective barriers. The bladder is protected by the urethra, the tube that drains urine from the body. In males, the urethra is
long enough that bacteria are seldom able to pass through it to reach the bladder, unless the bacteria are unintentionally placed there by catheters or surgical
instruments. In females, the urethra is shorter, occasionally allowing external bacteria to pass into the bladder. In both sexes, when the bladder empties, it
flushes out any bacteria that reach it.
 LET’S LEARN

• Internal defence of the innate immune response

•
• When pathogens enter the body, the innate immune system responds with a variety of internal defenses. These include the inflammatory
response, phagocytosis, natural killer cells, and the complement system. White blood cells in the blood and lymph recognize pathogens as
foreign to the body. A white blood cell is larger than a red blood cell, is nucleated, and is typically able to move using amoeboid locomotion.
Because they can move on their own, white blood cells can leave the blood to go to infected tissues. For example, a monocyte is a type of
white blood cell that circulates in the blood and lymph and develops into a macrophage after it moves into infected tissue. A macrophage is
a large cell that engulfs foreign particles and pathogens. Mast cells are produced in the same way as white blood cells, but unlike circulating
white blood cells, mast cells take up residence in connective tissues and especially mucosal tissues. They are responsible for releasing
chemicals in response to physical injury. They also play a role in the allergic response, which will be discussed later in the chapter.
•
• When a pathogen is recognized as foreign, chemicals called cytokines are released. A cytokine is a chemical messenger that regulates cell
differentiation (form and function), proliferation (production), and gene expression to produce a variety of immune responses.
Approximately 40 types of cytokines exist in humans. In addition to being released from white blood cells after pathogen recognition,
cytokines are also released by the infected cells and bind to nearby uninfected cells, inducing those cells to release cytokines. This positive
feedback loop results in a burst of cytokine production.
•
• One class of early-acting cytokines is the interferons, which are released by infected cells as a warning to nearby uninfected cells. An
interferon is a small protein that signals a viral infection to other cells. The interferons stimulate uninfected cells to produce compounds
that interfere with viral replication. Interferons also activate macrophages and other cells.
 LET’S LEARN

The Inflammatory Response and Phagocytosis

• The first cytokines to be produced encourage inflammation, a localized redness, swelling, heat, and pain. Inflammation is a response to
physical trauma, such as a cut or a blow, chemical irritation, and infection by pathogens (viruses, bacteria, or fungi). The chemical
signals that trigger an inflammatory response enter the extracellular fluid and cause capillaries to dilate (expand) and capillary walls to
become more permeable, or leaky. The serum and other compounds leaking from capillaries cause swelling of the area, which in turn
causes pain. Various kinds of white blood cells are attracted to the area of inflammation. The types of white blood cells that arrive at an
inflamed site depend on the nature of the injury or infecting pathogen. For example, a neutrophil is an early arriving white blood cell that
engulfs and digests pathogens. Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells of the immune system. Macrophages follow
neutrophils and take over the phagocytosis function and are involved in the resolution of an inflamed site, cleaning up cell debris and
pathogens.
• Cytokines also send feedback to cells of the nervous system to bring about the overall symptoms of feeling sick, which include lethargy,
muscle pain, and nausea. Cytokines also increase the core body temperature, causing a fever. The elevated temperatures of a fever inhibit
the growth of pathogens and speed up cellular repair processes. For these reasons, suppression of fevers should be limited to those that
are dangerously high.
• Histamine – a chemical found in some of the body’s cells – causes many of the symptoms of allergies, such as a runny nose or sneezing.
When a person is allergic to a particular substance, such as a food or dust, the immune system mistakenly believes that this usually
harmless substance is actually harmful to the body.
• Mast cell – a type of white blood cell that is found in connective tissues all through the body, especially under the skin, near blood
vessels and lymph vessels, in nerves, and in the lungs and intestines.
 LET’S LEARN

• Adaptive immune response Involves:

• The Adaptive Immune System
• Our adaptive immune system saves us from certain death by infection. An infant born with a severely defective adaptive
immune system will soon die unless extraordinary measures are taken to isolate it from a host of infectious agents, including
bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Indeed, all multicellular organisms need to defend themselves against infection by such
potentially harmful invaders, collectively called pathogens. Invertebrates use relatively simple defense strategies that rely
chiefly on protective barriers, toxic molecules, and phagocytic cells that ingest and destroy invading
microorganisms (microbes) and larger parasites (such as worms). Vertebrates, too, depend on such innate immune responses as
a first line of defense , but they can also mount much more sophisticated defenses, called adaptive immune responses. The
innate responses call the adaptive immune responses into play, and both work together to eliminate the ppathogen. Unlike
innate immune responses, the adaptive responses are highly specific to the particular pathogen that induced them. They can also
provide long-lasting protection. A person who recovers from measles, for example, is protected for life against measles by the
adaptive immune system, although not against other common viruses, such as those that cause mumps or chickenpox. In this
chapter, we focus mainly on adaptive immune responses, and, unless we indicate otherwise, the term immune responses refers
to them
 LET’S LEARN

• Humoral response
• Humoral immunity is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules – including secreted antibodies, complement
proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides – located in extracellular fluids. Humoral immunity is named so because it involves
substances found in the humors, or body fluids.

• Cell mediated response

• Cell-mediated immunity or cellular immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies. Rather, cell-mediated
immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response
to an antigen

• Difference between humoral and cell mediated response

• The major difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity is that humoral immunity produces antigen-specific antibodies,
whereas cell-mediated immunity does not. T lymphocytes, on the other hand, kill infected cells by triggering apoptosis.
•
• Humoral immunity develops quickly, whereas cell-mediated immunity takes longer. Extracellular microorganisms and their poisons
are targeted by humoral immunity. Intracellular microorganisms (such as bacteria) and tumor cells are targets of cell-mediated
immunity.
 LET’S LEARN

• Inflammation
• Inflammation is a normal part of the body’s defense to injury or infection, and, in this way, it is beneficial. But inflammation is
damaging when it occurs in healthy tissues or lasts too long. Known as chronic inflammation, it may persist for months or
years.
• Why is it important to activate the adaptive immune response?
• The function of adaptive immune responses is to destroy invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Because
these responses are destructive, it is crucial that they be made only in response to molecules that are foreign to the host and not
to the molecules of the host itself.
 SUMMARY

• The PowerPoint discusses the two types of immune systems, innate and
adaptive. A table is presented to show the differences between the two systems,
such as speed of response and specificity. The innate immune response includes
barrier defenses like skin and mucous membranes, as well as internal defenses
like phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, and inflammatory responses. The
adaptive immune response, for vertebrates only, involves recognizing specific
traits of pathogens using receptors, which triggers the humoral and cell-
mediated responses. Inflammation is discussed as an important aspect of
activating the adaptive immune response.
 ENRICHMENT

• Describe when inflammation is good

and when it is bad.
 EVALUATION

1. Which of the following is NOT a pattern found on pathogens that the immune system recognizes as foreign?

A. Double stranded RNA

B. Presence of N-formyl methionine

•C. Presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

D. Double stranded DNA

E. None of the above

2. What are the five hallmarks of inflammation?

•3. What is the importance of inflammation in the immune response

 EVALUATION

Answer key:
Correct answers:

1. D. Double stranded DNA is normally found in human cells.

2. Fever, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
3. Inflammation is a signal produced by the body in response to a real infection. It also sends signals to the adaptive
immune response that there is a real danger present and that it has to be eliminated.
 ASSIGNMENT

• On a short bond paper draw the

human immune system
 THANK YOU

• Submitted by Timothy Niel DC. Nicodemus

11 STEM CASSIOPEIA