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Seager 10e Ch02 PowerPoint
Seager 10e Ch02 PowerPoint
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1
Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
• Use symbols for chemical elements to write formulas for chemical compounds
• Identify the characteristics of protons, neutrons, and electrons
• Use the concepts of atomic number and mass number to determine the
number of subatomic particles in isotopes and to write correct symbols for
isotopes
• Use atomic weights of the elements to calculate molecular weights of
compounds
• Use isotope percent abundances and masses to calculate atomic weights of
elements
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2
Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3
Symbols and Formulas
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4
Table 2.1 - The Chemical Elements and Their
Symbols (1 of 2)
Ac actinium Es einsteinium Mt meitnerium Sb antimony (stibium)a
Ag silver (argentum)a Eu europium N nitrogen Sc scandium
Al aluminum F fluorine Na sodium (natrium)a Se selenium
Am americium Fe iron ( ferrum)a Nb niobium Sg seaborgium
Ar argon FI flerovium Nd neodymium Si silicon
As arsenic Fm fermium Ne neon Sm samarium
At astatine Fr francium Nh nihonium Sn tin (stannum)a
Au gold (aurum)a Ga gallium Ni nickel Sr strontium
B boron Gd gadolinium No nobelium Ta tantalum
Ba barium Ge germanium Np neptunium Tb terbium
Be beryllium H hydrogen O oxygen Tc technetium
Bh bohrium He helium Og oganesson Te tellurium
Bi bismuth Hf hafnium Os osmium Th thorium
Bk berkelium Hg mercury (hydrargyrum)a P phosphorus Ti titanium
Br bromine Ho holmium Pa protactinium TL thallium
C carbon Hs hassium Pb lead (plumbum)a Tm thulium
a
Elements with symbols not derived from their English names.
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5
Table 2.1 - The Chemical Elements and Their
Symbols (2 of 2)
Ca calcium I iodine Pd palladium Ts tennessine
Cd cadmium In indium Pm promethium U uranium
Ce cerium Ir iridium Po polonium V vanadium
Cf californium K potassium (kalium)a Pr praseodymium W tungsten (wolfram)a
Cl chlorine Kr krypton Pt platinum Xe xenon
Cm curium La lanthanum Pu plutonium Y yttrium
Cn copernicium Li lithium Ra radium Yb ytterbium
Co cobalt Lr lawrencium Rb rubidium Zn zinc
Cr chromium Lu lutetium Re rhenium Zr zirconium
Cs cesium Lv livermorium Rf rutherfordium
Cu copper (cuprum)a Mc moscovium Rg roentgenium
Db dubnium Md mendelevium Rh rhodium
Ds darmstadtium Mg magnesium Rn radon
Dy dysprosium Mn manganese Ru ruthenium
Er Erbium Mo Molybdenum S Sulfur
a
Elements with symbols not derived from their English names.
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6
Elements in the Human Body
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7
Compound Formula
• If more than one atom is present in the compound, then a subscript follows the elemental
symbol
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8
Table 2.2 - Examples of Compound Formulas
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9
Example 2.1 - Writing Compound Formulas
b. Sulfuric acid: Two hydrogen (H) atoms, one sulfur (S) atom, and four oxygen (O) atoms
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
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Example 2.1 - Solution
a. The single N atom will not have a subscript because ones are understood and
never written, and the two O atoms will be represented by writing a subscript 2
• The molecular formula is NO2
b. Using similar reasoning, the H atom will have a subscript 2, the S atom will
have no subscript, and the O atom will have a subscript 4
• The molecular formula is H2SO4
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11
Compound Formulas Practice
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12
Atomic Structure
Characterstics
Common
Particle Charge (±) Mass (g) Mass (u) Location
Symbols
Electron e− 1− 9.07 × 10−28 1/1836 Outside nucleus
Proton p, p+, H+ 1+ 1.67 × 10−24 1 Inside nucleus
Neutron n 0 1.67 × 10−24 1 Inside nucleus
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14
Atomic Structure Review
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15
Atomic and Mass Numbers
• Equal to the number of protons in the nucleus and the number of electrons in an atom
• Symbolically represented by Z
• Equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
• Symbolically represented by A
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
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Atomic and Mass Numbers Application
(1 of 2)
• Based on the information given below, what is the atomic number of fluorine?
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
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Atomic and Mass Numbers Application
(2 of 2)
• Based on the information given below, what is the mass number of fluorine?
• Atoms that have the same number of protons in the nucleus but different
numbers of neutrons
• Same atomic number but different mass numbers
• All isotopes of the same element have the:
• Same number of electrons outside the nucleus
• Same number of protons in the nucleus
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
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Ways to Represent Isotopes
• Use the periodic table to answer the following questions about isotopes:
a. What are the mass number, atomic number, and isotope symbol for an atom that contains 7
protons and 8 neutrons?
c. How many protons and how many neutrons are contained in an atom with a mass number of
26 and the symbol Mg?
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 21
Example 2.2 - Solution (a)
• The mass number, A, equals the sum of the number of protons and the number
of neutrons
• A = 7 + 8 = 15
• The atomic number, Z, equals the number of protons
• Z=7
• According to the periodic table, the element with an atomic number of 7 is
nitrogen, with the symbol N
• The isotope symbol is
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 22
Example 2.2 - Solution (b)
• According to the periodic table, nickel has the symbol Ni, and an atomic
number, Z, of 28
• The mass number, 60, is equal to the sum of number of protons and the
number of neutrons
• The number of protons is equal to the atomic number, 28
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 23
Example 2.2 - Solution (c)
• According to the periodic table, the element with the symbol Mg is magnesium,
which has an atomic number of 12
• Therefore, the atom contains 12 protons
• Since A, the number of protons plus neutrons is equal to 26, the number of
neutrons is 26 – 12, or 14
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 24
Relative Masses
• Numbers that are given beneath the symbol and name for each element in the
periodic table
• Provide simple means of comparing the masses of atoms
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 25
Atomic Mass Unit (u)
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 26
Atomic Weight
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 27
Electron Shell Occupancy
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 28
Example 2.4 - Atomic Weights and Molecular
Weights
• Use atomic weights from the periodic table to determine the molecular weight
of urea, CH4N2O, the chemical form in which much nitrogenous body waste is
excreted in the urine
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
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Example 2.4 - Solution
• According to the formula given, a urea molecule contains one carbon atom, C,
four hydrogen atoms, H, two nitrogen atoms, N, and one oxygen atom, O
• The molecular weight is calculated as follows:
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
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Molecular Weight Practice
• Answer
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 31
Isotopes and Atomic Weights
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 32
Isotopes and Atomic Weights - Example
• A specific example is shown below for the element boron that consists of
19.78% boron-10 with a mass of 10.01 u and 80.22% boron-11 with a mass of
11.01 u
• This calculated value matches the value given in the periodic table
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 33
Example 2.5 - Isotope and Atomic Weight
Relationships
• Calculate the atomic weight of chlorine, given that the naturally occurring
element consists of 75.53% chlorine-35 (mass = 34.97 u) and 24.47% chlorine-
37 (mass = 36.97 u)
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 34
Example 2.5 - Solution
• This result is slightly different from the periodic table atomic weight value of
35.45 because of slight errors introduced in rounding the isotope masses to
four significant figures
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 35
Avogadro’s Number and the Mole Concept
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 36
The Mole and Chemical Calculations
• Mole concept can be used to obtain factors that are useful in chemical
calculations involving both elements and compounds
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 37
Mole Calculation Example (1)
• Notice that the g Ca units in the denominator of the factor cancel the g Ca units in the given
quantity, leaving the correct units of mole Ca for the answer
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
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Example 2.7 - Factor-Unit Calculations for
Sulfur
• Determine the following using the factor-unit method of calculation and factors
obtained from the preceding three relationships given for sulfur (S):
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
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Example 2.7 – Solution (1 of 2)
a. Known quantity is 1.35 mol of S, and the unit of the unknown quantity is grams
of S
• Factor comes from the relationship 1 mol S atoms = 32.1 g S
b. Known quantity is 98.6 g of S, and the unit of the unknown quantity is moles of
S atoms
• Factor comes from the same relationship used in (a)
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
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Example 2.7 – Solution (2 of 3)
c. Known quantity is 98.6 g of S, and the unit of the unknown quantity is the
number of S atoms
• Factor comes from the relationship 6.02×1023 S atoms = 32.1 g S
d. Known quantity is one S atom, and the unit of the unknown is grams of S
• Factor comes from the same relationship used in (c), 6.02×1023 S atoms = 32.1 g S
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
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Example 2.7 – Solution (3 of 3)
• Note that the factor is the inverse of the one used in (c) even though both
came from the same relationship
• Thus, we see that each relationship provides two factors
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
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The Mole Concept Applied to Compounds
• One mole of any compound is a sample of the compound with a mass in grams
equal to the molecular weight of the compound
• Following relationships can be used to generate factors for use in factor-unit calculations:
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Mole Calculation Example (2)
• Note that the factor used was obtained from two of the six quantities given on the previous
slide
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Mole Calculation Example (3)
• Note that the factor used was obtained from two of the six quantities given on a previous slide
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
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Mole Calculation Example (4)
• If a sample consisting of 1 mole of CO2 is used, the mole-based relationships given earlier
show that 1 mole CO2 = 44.01 g CO2 = 12.01 g C + 32.00 g O
• Thus, the mass of C in a specific mass of CO2 is known and the problem is solved as follows:
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
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Mole Calculation Example (5) (1 of 2)
• Once again, a sample consisting of 1 mole of CO2 is used to take advantage of the
mole-based relationships given earlier where:
• 1 mole CO2 = 44.01g CO2 = 12.01 g C + 32.00g O
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
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Mole Calculation Example (5) (2 of 2)
• Thus, the mass of O in a specific mass of CO2 is known and the problem is
solved as follows:
• Notice that the % C + % O = 27.29% + 72.71% = 100%, which should be the case
because C and O are the only elements present in CO2
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
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Example 2.8 - Factor-Unit Calculations for
Carbon Dioxide
• Determine the following using the factor-unit method of calculation and factors
obtained from the preceding three relationships given for carbon dioxide, CO2:
a. The mass in grams of 1.62 mol of CO2
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
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Example 2.8 – Solution (1 of 2)
a. The known quantity is 1.62 mol of CO2, and the unit of the unknown quantity is
g CO2
• The factor comes from the relationship 1 mol CO2 molecules = 44.0 g CO2
b. The known quantity is 63.9 g of CO2, and the unit of the unknown quantity is mol
of CO2 molecules
• The factor comes from the same relationship used in (a)
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
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Example 2.8 – Solution (2 of 2)
c. The known quantity is, again, 63.9 g of CO2, and the unit of the unknown is the
number of CO2 molecules
• The factor comes from the relationship 6.02×1023 CO2 molecules = 44.0 g CO2
d. The known quantity is 63.9 g of CO2, and the unit of the unknown quantity is mol
of CO2 molecules
• The factor comes from the same relationship used in (c), but the factor is the inverse of the
one used in (c)
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
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The Mole and Chemical Formulas
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 52
Mole Calculations: Steps
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 53
Example 2.11 - Mass Percentage Calculations
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
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Example 2.11 - Solution (1 of 2)
• We will use 1 mol of each compound as a sample because the mass in grams of
1 mol of compound and the mass in grams of N in the 1 mol of compound are
readily determined
• One mol of NH3 weighs 17.0 g and contains 1 mol of N atoms, which weighs 14.0 g
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
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Example 2.11 - Solution (2 of 2)
• Similarly, 1 mol of NH4NO3 weighs 80.0 g and contains 2 mol of N atoms, which
weigh 28.0 g
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Laboratory Application (1) (1 of 3)
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Laboratory Application (1) (2 of 3)
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Laboratory Application (1) (3 of 3)
• How many moles of anhydrous copper sulfate (CuSO4) remained after heating?
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Laboratory Application (2) (1 of 4)
• The formula for a hydrate is written as CuSO4·x H2O, where x is the number of
moles of water associated with each mole of CuSO4
• Based on the calculated mole ratio, what is the experimentally determined formula for
copper sulfate pentahydrate?
• Solution
• CuSO4·3.355 H2O
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Laboratory Application (2) (2 of 4)
• Why is there a difference between the actual formula and the experimentally determined
formula?
• Answer
• Some of the water remained in the “anhydrous ” copper sulfate, which caused the number of
moles of water removed by heating to be smaller than the actual value
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Laboratory Application (2) (3 of 4)
• What mass of water could have been removed from the 25.494 g copper sulfate
pentahydrate if the sample had been heated completely?
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Laboratory Application (2) (4 of 4)
• What percentage of the total amount of water was removed during the
experiment?
• Had all the water been removed, what would the mass of the anhydrous copper
sulfate been after heating? Would this have been the mass displayed on the
balance? Why or why not?
• Answer: No, the mass displayed on the balance would have been 36.353 g because the
anhydrous copper sulfate was in the 20.057 g crucible
Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Nineth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
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