Cell: the smallest unit of life

Discovery of Cells
• 1665- Robert Hooke was the first to identify
and name cells.
• 1674- Anton van Leeuwenhoek made better
lenses and observed cells in greater detail.
• 1838- Mathias Schleiden noted that plants
are made of cells
• 1839- Theodor Schwann concluded that all
living things are made of cells
• 1855- Rudolf Virchow proposed that all cells
come from other cells
Cell Theory

• All organisms are made

of cells
• All existing cells are
produced by other living
cells.
• The cell is the most
basic unit of life.
 Prokaryotic cells

• Simple cells
• No nucleus
• Ex: bacteria

Staphylococcus aureus
Prokaryotic Cell
 Enterococcus
E Coli Bacteria faecalis Bacteria
 Eukaryotic Cells
• More complex
• Have a true nucleus
• Make up all living cells other than bacteria
Eukaryotic Cell
 Fingernail Hair Cell

Nerve Cell Nerve cell White and Red Blood Cells

Similarities and differences between
the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells

Cell size 1-10 micrometers 10-100 micrometers
Cell membrane? Yes Yes

Membrane-bound No Yes
organelles?

Have nucleus? No Yes

Have cytoplasm? Yes Yes
Have DNA Yes, in cytoplasm Yes, in nucleus
Examples Bacteria Fungi, plants, animals
Cells use three different methods to move
themselves or debris
Flagella: long hairlike filaments used by
some prokaryotes to move
Flagellum
Cilia: short hairlike projections that
some cells use for movement
Pseudopod: false foot
 Picture Quiz
• Identify the cells as prokaryotic or
eukaryotic.
Eukaryotic- Mushroom Cell
Eukaryotic- Red blood cells
Prokaryotic- Lactobacilli
bacteria
Eukaryotic- fish egg cell
Prokaryotic- MRSA
Prokaryotic- Streptococcus
pneumoniae bacteria
Eukaryotic- Fern leaf cell
Eukaryotic- taste bud cell
Eukaryotic- Osteocyte (bone
cell)
Eukaryotic- cartilage cells
 Cell Organelles
• Specialized cell parts that carry out many
different processes and functions.
 Cell membrane
• Barrier around the cell that controls what goes in
and out
• Security Guard
 Nuclear
Nucleus Membrane
• Controls most of • Separates the
the cell’s nucleus from the
processes rest of the cell
• Stores DNA
• Control center or
‘brain’
 Nucleolus
• Darker portion inside the nucleus that
produces ribosomes
 Cytoplasm (cytosol)
• Jelly-like fluid inside the cell where
metabolic processes occur
 Ribosome
• Small organelles that float in the
cytoplasm or on the ER that build proteins
• Cell workers
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Produces and transports materials such as
proteins
• Assembly line
 Golgi Apparatus (Golgi body)
• Packages and distributes proteins and
lipids
• Shipping and handling department
 Lysosome

• Stores enzymes
and removes worn-
out organelles.
Mainly in animal
cells.
• Waste disposal unit
 Mitochondria

• Provides energy
for the cell
• Powerhouse or
powerplant
 Cytoskeleton
• Thin protein fibers that helps keep the
cell’s shape
 Centrioles
• Only found in animal cells that are
important for cell division
 Cell wall
• Found only in plant and fungus cells.
• Provides extra shape, support and
protection.
 Chloroplast
• Found only in plant cell. They contain
chlorophyll used for photosynthesis
 Vacuole
• Stores water, salts, and wastes. Plants
have larger ones
• Storage unit
 Differences Between Plant and
Animal Cells
Plant Cells Animal Cells
Have a Cell Membrane,
Nucleus, Mitochondria,
Ribosomes, Golgi YES YES
apparatus, and
Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Have a Cell Wall? YES NO

Have Lysosomes? NO (rarely) YES

Have Vacuoles? YES None or Small

Have Chloroplasts? YES NO

 Cellular Differentiation
• 250 different kinds of cells in the human
body
• Through cellular differentiation, different
types of cells are created to carry out
specific tasks or functions.
• In animals the “starter” cells that
differentiate are called stem cells
• In plants those cells are called
meristematic cells
Cellular Organization
Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ Systems

Organisms
 Image References
• http://tissupath.com.au/medical-student-subjects-skin/
• http://www.acceleratedstudynotes.com/ib/biology-ib/ib-biology-eukaryotic-cells/
• http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/plants/tissue.html
• http://michelleburden.weebly.com/levels-of-organization.html
• http://www.interactive-biology.com/3956/anatomy-of-the-plant-cell-vs-a-human-cell/
• http://www.recredible.com/view/biology/77
• http://bms.westfordk12.us/pages/teams/7green/cells/grouph/Hcellwall.html
• http://www.buzzle.com/articles/centriole-function.html
• https://twitter.com/cytoskeleton69
• http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/mitochondria/mitochondria.html
• http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch06/Golgi.html
• http://genius.com/2607907/Biology-genius-cell-organelles/Endoplasmic-reticulum
• http://thecellorganelles.weebly.com/rough--smooth-endoplasmic-reticulum.html
• http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/316287/view
• http://www.kbalab.com/portfolio/outer-hair-cell/
• http://webpages.shepherd.edu/blidgerd/course_descriptions.htm
• https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/prokaryotic-cells-59/characteri
stics-of-prokaryotic-cells-312-11445/
• http://www.extension.org/pages/28432/staphylococcus-aureus#.Vb5UOkL5NUQ
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli
• https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Enterococcus_faecalis_SEM_01.png
• https://www.reddit.com/r/RealMicroscopicLife
• http://biologos.org/blog/bacterial-flagellum-appearances-can-be-deceiving
• http://www.turbosquid.com/Search/Index.cfm?keyword=flagella
• http://www.sciencefriday.com/segment/07/22/2011/video-pick-engineering-artificial-cilia.html
• http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch28/amoeba.html
• http://www.deviantart.com/art/Organelle-Illustrations-260886159
• https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/test-2/deck/6315023
• http://iws.collin.edu/biopage/faculty/mcculloch/1406/outlines/chapter%207/chap07.htm
• http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/biobookcell2.html
• http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/animals/cell/