UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND AVIATION

HEAT EXCHANGERS
TO BE REPORTED
BY:
Rosete, Aaron Linus
Batitis, Joseph Frank
Pajarillo, Paul Matthew
Andrade, Arco Clyde
Santillan, Rampeterson
Sumadsad, Allen Medrano
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
▰ What is Heat Exchanger?
▰ How do Heat Exchangers work?
▰ Parts of Heat Exchanger
▰ Types of Heat Exchangers
▰ Heat Exchanger Selection Considerations
▰ Advantages/Disadvantage of Heat Exchanger
▰ Application of Heat Exchanger
▰ Processes (Solving)
▰ Conclusion
What is HEAT EXCHANGER?

A heat exchanger is a system that is very important for transferring

heat from one medium to another (liquid, vapor, or gas). Heat
exchangers are used in both situations where cooling or heating is
required.
According to the type of heat exchanger used, the heat transfer
process can be carried out as gas to gas, liquid to gas, or liquid to
liquid. Then it through a solid wall of high thermal conductivity,
which prevents the mixing of liquids, or direct fluid contact.
A perfect example of them is found in I.C. engines in which a fluid
(coolant) flows through the radiator coils and air flows through the
coils, which cools the coolant and heats the incoming air.
How does HEAT EXCHANGER Works?

It is a device that allows heat from one liquid (liquid or gas)

to be transferred to another liquid or gas without the two
liquids mixing or coming into direct contact. They are used
for cooling components that feature water to air, liquid-
cooled, and closed-loop systems.
Closed Loop and Liquid Cooled

Closed-loop liquid cooling is defined as a cooling system that uses

liquid as a coolant and uses a heat exchanger to remove heat from
the coolant. The most commonly used coolants are water, deionized
water, disrupted glycol, and water solutions.
In a liquid cooling loop, the coolant is pumped through a cold plate
that is in contact with a heated integrated circuit. The heat released
from the component is transferred to the surroundings in the heat
exchanger, resulting in a lowering of the temperature of the coolant,
which is pumped back into the heated integrated circuit.
Parts of HEAT
EXCHANGERS
Parts of HEAT EXCHANGER

1. Tubes
2. Tube sheet
3. Tie rods
4. Front headers
5. Rear headers
6. Cooling system
7. Heat exchanger shell
8. Heat exchanger baffle

7
#1 Tubes

Tubes are the most essential part of the heat exchanger for
transferring fluids. The type of tubing used is
welded or seamless. Heat exchanger tubes are made in
diameters of about 5/8 inch, between 3/4 inch and 1 inch.
#2 Tube Sheet

Tube sheets are helpful in supporting and separating the

tubes. The tubes are attached to the tube sheet by hydraulic
pressure or roller expansion. A tube sheet may be covered,
which assists as a corrosion preventive and insulator.
#3 Tie Rods

Tie rods are also important in the heat exchanger. They are
securely fitted to the end baffle at one end and to the tube
sheet at the other end.
#4 Front Headers

Many heat exchanger front headers are available, including

types A-B-C-D-N-Y. Since there are so many types, the
use of the front header may vary according to the
arrangement of flow pressure used, cost, ease of cleaning,
and repair.
#5 Rear Headers

The heat exchanger rear header includes L, M, and N-

types are used if there is no high mechanical stress due to
differential expansion and the shell side does not require
cleaning. When there is a possibility of thermal expansion,
a fixed rear header with bellows is used.
#6 Cooling System

The cooling system in the heat exchanger consists of fin

fans, condensers, and chillers. Fin fans are performed to
meet the need for blowing hot tubes to keep them cool
efficiently. The function of the condenser is to cool the
objects until there is a phase change from gas to liquid.
Chillers use water as their coolant and keep the water
temperature low to cool the equipment without cooling the
water.
#7 Heat Exchanger Shell

The cooling system in the heat exchanger consists of fin

fans, condensers, and chillers. Fin fans are performed to
meet the need for blowing hot tubes to keep them cool
efficiently.
#8 Heat Exchanger Baffle

Baffles are placed inside the shell to supply higher heat

transfer rates, increasing flow turbulence. Plus, these heat
exchanger parts help to support the tubes and reduce
problems caused by vibration.
TYPES OF HEAT
EXCHANGERS
The Following are the types of HEAT
EXCHANGERS used for different purposes:
1. Shell and tube heat exchanger
2. Tube in tube heat exchanger
3. Double pipe heat exchanger
4. Direct and indirect heat exchanger
5. Plate heat exchanger
6. Pillow plate heat exchanger
7. Finned heat exchanger
8. Adiabatic heat exchanger
9. Phase change heat exchanger
10.Microchannel heat exchanger
11.Waste heat recovery unit type
12.Condenser, boiler, and evaporator
#1 Shell and Tube Heat
Exchanger
These are the most common and versatile
types of heat exchangers. This heat
exchanger is developed with multiple
tubes in which the two working fluids
exchange heat by thermal contact which is
placed within a cylindrical shell. As such,
one fluid flows inside the tubes and the
other through the shell.
#2 Tube in Tube Heat Exchanger

Tube-in-tube heat exchanger specially designed

for sludge containing fibers and particles, used for
heating and cooling purposes. Tube in tube heat
exchangers is introduced with a tube mounted
inside an outer shell tube. During operation, the
product medium inside the tube floats into the
service medium in counter current. The product
tube is folded, or it may be smooth. This unique
design prevents thermal fatigue, increases
efficiency, and reduces overall size. They are
perfect for high-temperature, high-pressure, and
low-flow applications.
 #3 Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

These types of heat exchangers are perfect for the

transfer or exchange of heat between two liquids
without mixing them. Double pipe heat
exchangers consist of two or more concentric,
cylindrical pipes or tubes (one larger and the other
smaller).
In this, one liquid flows through a smaller pipe,
and another liquid flows between the two pipes,
and so on. The inner pipe acts as a conductive
barrier. It can provide good efficiency with low
capital cost and is used in many industrial
processes, cooling technology, refrigeration
 #4 Direct and Indirect Heat Exchanger

Direct heat exchangers implement heat transfer between two

phases of hot and cold currents in the absence of an isolating
wall. In these types of heat exchangers, heat exchange is
replaced by the direct mixing of hot and cold liquids and the
transfer of heat placed simultaneously. Examples include
cooling towers and jet condensers.
Indirect heat exchangers are used to measure the change in
temperature of one fluid by using another fluid in which the
two liquids are separated by an impermeable surface such that
the two liquids do not mix. These heat exchangers keep the
fluid exchanged heat separated by using tubes or plates
 #5 Plate Heat Exchanger
As the name suggests, these types of heat
exchangers consist of metal plates. These metal
plates form channels through which the interacting
fluids can flow. Plate heat exchangers use multiple
layers of flat plates fixed to form a series of
channels for the flow of fluids.
In this, the heat cuts through the surface,
separating the hot medium from the cold one.
Thus, heating and cooling liquids and gases use
minimal energy levels. They are often more
compact and sometimes less costly than shells and
tubes. These types of commonly used in water
heaters and free cooling.
 #7 Finned Tube Heat Exchanger
Finned tube heat exchangers are designed to refer to
the maximum heat transfer surface area with the
exchanged heat, which improves the efficiency of
conducting heat in liquids with low thermal
conductivity, such as air.
It consists of a series of tubes with fins added to
increase the contact area with the external fluid to
exchange heat, and between the fluid inside the tube
and the fluid outside the tube. These fins are made
of either aluminum or copper, which are usually
thin. These types of heat exchangers are seen in air
conditioners and car radiators.
 #8 Adiabatic Wheel Heat Exchanger
This type of heat exchanger is widely used for
industrial purposes. It consists of a rotating wheel
and an intermediate fluid that is stored to hold heat.
It is then transferred to the other side of the heat
exchanger for release.
Threads are provided on the wheel’s circumference
to increase the surface area. During operation, it
circulates through two sections containing fluid
where heat is transferred. These are essential where
heat needs to be effectively transferred between
gases which is not easily possible in other types.
 #9 Phase Change Heat Exchanger
The term “phase” may refer to heat exchangers with
the material within their structure in which a change
of phase occurs. This heat exchanger utilizes the
natural phase-change properties of an
environmentally friendly cooling fluid to collect,
transfer, and dissipate heat safely and continuously.
It is usually a solid-to-liquid phase due to the small
volume difference between these states. This change
of phase work like a buffer as it occurs at a constant
temperature but still allows additional heat to be
obtained. The main advantage of phase change
materials is they have the ability to store large
amounts of energy.
 #12 Condenser, Boiler and Evaporator

Many people don’t know this, but condensers,

boilers, and evaporators are also types of heat
exchangers. These heat exchangers employ a
two-stage heat transfer mechanism.
Condensers are heat exchange devices that take
hot gas and cool it to the point of condensation,
turning the gas or vapor into a liquid. In
evaporators and boilers, the heat transfer
process is carried out by changing the liquid
form from the liquid form to the gas or vapor
form.
HEAT EXCHANGER
Selection & Considerations
#1 Heat Transfer Requirements

The size and type of heat exchanger are determined

by the amount of heat transfer required. The type of
fluids used, the temperature range, and the required
flow rates will all have an impact on this.
#2 Material Compatibility

The materials used to design the heat

exchanger must be suitable for the fluids
being transferred. If the fluids are corrosive or
abrasive, this is especially crucial.
#3 Operating Conditions

When choosing a heat exchanger, the operating

conditions, such as pressure, temperature, and flow
rate, must be taken into consideration. Under these
circumstances, the heat exchanger must be capable
of performing safely and effectively.
#4 Maintenance Requirements

The heat exchanger ought to be simple to

keep and maintain. It is important that the
design makes it easy for the interior to be
inspected and cleaned.
#5 Energy Efficiency

It is important to optimize energy efficiency

when designing the heat exchanger. This can
be done by picking the appropriate heat
exchanger type and customizing the design
for the intended use.
#6 Cost

It is essential that you consider all aspects of

the heat exchanger’s cost, including both the
initial investment and ongoing maintenance
expenses.
#7 Environmental Considerations

It is important to think about how the heat

exchanger will affect the environment,
considering things like the use of renewable
energy sources and the disposal of waste heat.
#8 Space Limitations

When selecting the size and configuration of a

heat exchanger, it must be taken into
consideration the space available for the heat
exchanger.
Advantage of HEAT
EXCHANGER
ADVANTAGE

1.The heat exchangers are normally required fewer maintenance costs.

2.These are working at high working pressure and working temperature.
3.The perfect-sized heat exchanger can give you an efficiency of around 80%.
4.They are simple, easy to maintain, compact in size, and can be easily cleaned.
5.Additional space is not required when dismantling.
6.Shell and tube heat exchangers are less expensive than plate-type heat
exchangers.
DISADVANTAGE

1.The main drawbacks are leakage and pressure drop in the system.
2.In the plate type, the initial cost is high because titanium plates are expensive.
3.The operator has to be careful when dismantling and assembling.
4.Over-tightening of the clamping bolts increases the pressure in the cooler.
5.The capacity of the tube cooler cannot be increased so this is also a drawback.
Application of HEAT
EXCHANGER
Applications

1.Mainly, heat exchangers are used for transferring heat from one
medium to another.
2.They are also used to preheat a cold fluid entering a hot process
system by using heat from the hot fluid exiting the system.
3.Shell and tube-type heat exchangers are used for various industrial
purposes.
4.The spiral heat exchanger is good for applications such as digester
heating, heat recovery, and effluent cooling.
5.These are typically used to heat food and cool beverages.
Understanding the
Processes of HEAT
EXCHANGERS
(SOLVING)
Conduction

Conduction is the passing of thermal energy between materials that

are in contact with one another. Temperature is a measure of the
average kinetic energy of molecules in a material – warmer objects
(that are at a higher temperature) are exhibiting more molecular
motion. When a warmer object is brought in contact with a cooler
object (one that is at a lower temperature), there is a thermal energy
transfer between the two materials, with the cooler object becoming
more energized and the warmer object becoming less energized.
Conduction

In this expression, Q represents the amount of heat transferred

through the material in time t, ΔT is the temperature difference
between one side of the material and the other (the thermal
gradient), A is the cross-sectional area of the material, and d is
the thickness of the material. The constant k is known as the
thermal conductivity of the material and is a function of the
material’s intrinsic properties and its structure.
Convection
Convection is the transfer of thermal energy from a surface by way of
the motion of a fluid such as air or water that has been heated. Most
fluids expand when heated and therefore will become less dense and
rise relative to other parts of the fluid that are cooler. So, when the air in
a room is heated, it rises to the ceiling because it is warmer and less
dense, and transfers heat energy as it collides with the cooler air in the
room, then becoming denser and falling again towards the floor. This
process creates a natural or free convection current. Convection can also
occur through what is termed forced or assisted convection, such as
when heated water is pumped through a pipe such as in a hydronic
heating system.
Convection

Where Q-dot is the rate of transfer of heat, hc is the convective heat

transfer coefficient, A is the surface area over which the convection
process is occurring, and ΔT is the temperature differential between the
surface and the fluid. The convective heat transfer coefficient hc is a
function of the properties of the fluid, similar to the thermal conductivity
of the material mentioned earlier regarding conduction.
Radiation

Thermal radiation is a mechanism of heat energy transfer that

involves the emission of electromagnetic waves from a heated
surface or object. Unlike conduction and convection, thermal
radiation does not require an intermediate medium to carry the wave
energy. All objects whose temperature is above absolute zero (-
273.15oC) emit thermal radiation in a typically broad spectral range.
Radiation

where Q is the heat transfer per unit time, Th is the temperature of the hot
object (in absolute units, oK), Tc is the temperature of the colder
surroundings (also in absolute units, oK), σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann
constant (whose value is 5.6703 x 10-8 W/m2K4). The term represented
by ε is the emissivity coefficient of the material and can have a value
anywhere between 0 to 1, depending on the characteristics of the material
and its ability to reflect, absorb, or transmit radiation. It is also a function
of the temperature of the material.
Conclusions
Conclusions:

Heat exchangers are types of equipment used

to transfer heat from a hot liquid to a cold
liquid. They are considered useful for
performing the function of changing the
temperature of the more valuable liquids used
in the process.
THANK YOU!