Heaven’s Light is Our

Guide

Aluminum Coated Hollow-Core Fiber for

Single Mode Operation in Terahertz
Spectrum

Supervised by: Presented by:

Md. Farhamdur Reza Tanmoy Pandey
Assistant Professor Roll: 1501037
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
Rajshahi-6204, Bangladesh. Rajshahi-6204, Bangladesh.

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 Outlines:
• Introduction
• Literature Review
• Objectives
• Background Information
• Methodology
• Proposed Model
• Performance Analysis
• Achievements of the Proposed Model
• Future Scopes
• References

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 Introduction:
Terahertz Waves: A Promising Window of
Electromagnetic Spectrum

Figure 1: Frequency Spectrum

• Frequency Range: 0.1 THz to 10 THz
• Non-ionizing and & Non-destructive
• Absorption lines of water molecules lie in terahertz band
• Rotational and vibrational frequencies of the most molecules lie in terahertz band
• Applications: Chemical sensing, material characterization, security screening, medical
imaging and diagnostics, atmospheric and space studies
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 Applications of Terahertz
Waves:

Figure 2: a) Skin cancer vs THz emulated image of that cell b) X-Ray Figure 3: Applications in security
image of an erosional tooth vs terahertz emulated image of that tooth [1] screening[2]

Figure 4: Absorption of pharmaceutical chemicals as a function of frequency Figure 5: Applications in biological and
[3] genomic studies[4]
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 Main Challenges on the Way of Developing Compact
Terahertz System:
 Lack of efficient terahertz emitter.  Lack of low loss terahertz waveguide
 Most of materials available for
conventional fiber fabrication is prone
to high absorption loss.
 Large core diameter of the terahertz
fibers leads to multimode propagation.
 High bending loss of terahertz
waveguides restricts the high density
integration.

Focus of this thesis work

Figure 6: Available terahertz sources

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 Literature Review:
Jessienta Anthony, Rainer Leonhardt, and Alexander Argyros, "Hybrid hollow core fibers with embedded
wires as THz waveguides," Opt. Express 21, 2903-2912 (2013)
Focused on:
Zeonex  Operating Frequency: 0.65 THz to 1.05 THz
Indium  Loss: 0.5 cm-1 for four wires, 0.3 cm-1 for two wires
 Dispersion: less than10 ps/THz/cm
Air
 Single mode behavior
 Guided mode: HE11 like

Research gap:
 Comparatively much indium is need due to large
metal wire diameter.
Figure 6: Cross section of the waveguide

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 Literature Review (Cont.):
N. Yudasari, J. Anthony, and R. Leonhardt, “Terahertz pulse propagation in 3d-printed waveguide with metal
wires component," Optics express, vol. 22, no. 21, pp. 26042-26054, 2014.

Focused on:
 Metal rod inclusion in dielectric background
 Operating Region: 0.2 THz to 1 THz
 Loss 1 cm-1 at 0.3 THz for core diameter 3 mm
 Dispersion |5| ps THz-1 cm-1

Research Gaps:
 Large core diameter around 3 mm or 4 mm
leads to higher order mode propagation
UV Curable Polymer
Air
Metal

Figure 7: Cross section of the waveguide

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 Literature Review (Cont.):
D. W. Vogt, J. Anthony, and R. Leonhardt, “Metallic and 3d-printed dielectric helical terahertz waveguides,"
Optics express, vol. 23, no. 26, pp. 33 359-33 369, 2015.
Focused on:
 Operating Frequency: 0.2 THz to 1 THz
 Geometry: Core diameter 4mm, metal wire
diameter 0.3mm and dielectric wire dimeter
0.6 mm
 Average attenuation co-efficient for metallic
waveguide:α= 0.1cm-1
 Dispersion: -15 ps/THz/cm below 0.7 THz for
Dielectric helical waveguide Metallic helical waveguide metallic waveguide, Nearly zero dispersion
for dielectric waveguide
Figure 9: Helical Waveguides

Research Gap:
 Transmission properties depend on the pitch, hence bending loss is high at sharp bends.
 Multimode propagation

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 Literature Review (Cont.):
H. Bao, K. Nielsen, O. Bang, and P. U. Jepsen, “Dielectric tube waveguides with absorptive cladding for
broadband, low-dispersion and low loss THz guiding," Scientific reports, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2015.
Focused on:
 Guiding Mechanism: Anti-resonant reflection
 Operating Frequency: 0.3 THz to 1 THz
 Geometry: D= 4 mm, t= 1.29 mm
 Loss: 0.05 cm-1 to 0.5 cm-1
 Dispersion: Less than 10 ps/THz/cm
 Bending Loss: 0.2 cm-1 at 10 cm bending radii

Figure 8: Cross section of the waveguide Research Gap:

 Large core diameter facilitates multimode
propagation

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 Literature Review (Cont.):
H. Li, S. Atakaramians, R. Lwin, X. Tang, Z. Yu, A. Argyros, and B. T. Kuhlmey, “Flexible single-mode
hollow-core terahertz fiber with metamaterial cladding," Optica, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 941-947, 2016.
Focused on:
 Exploits the advantages of hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM)
 Wavelength scale confinement of TM1 mode
 TE mode will be transmitted through cladding
 Single mode region: 0.29 THz to 0.44 THz
 Loss: 0.28 dB/cm
 Bending Loss: 0.3 dB/cm
 Core power fraction: 95.7%
 Loss ratio between TE1 and TM1 mode is less than 200
TM1
Research gap: Weak coupling between source and fiber

Figure 10: Geometry of the fiber with mode field 10

distribution
 Literature Review (Cont.):
H. Li, G. Ren, S. Atakaramians, B. T. Kuhlmey, and S. Jian, “Linearly polarized single TM mode terahertz
waveguide," Optics letters, vol. 41, no. 17, pp. 4004-4007, 2016.

Focused on:
 Exploits the advantages of hyperbolic metamaterial
(HMM)
 Wavelength scale confinement of TM modes
 Dominant mode: TM2x
 Single mode region: 0.36 THz to 0.46 THz
 Loss: 0.25 dB/cm
 Bending Loss: 0.3 dB/cm
 Core power fraction: 96%
 Efficient coupling due to linearly polarized light

Research Gap:
 No information about TE mode elimination.
TM1 TM2x

Figure 11: Geometry of the fiber with mode field distribution 11

 Objectives:

The key objective of this thesis work is to propose an

efficient terahertz waveguide that will assure:
 Low absorption loss of the guided medium
 Strong confinement of the guided modes in wavelength These objectives are met with
the implementation of
scale core diameter Hyperbolic Metamaterial
 Small bending loss associated with sharp bent radii (HMM) in the proposed
 Single mode behavior terahertz fiber
 High core power fraction

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 Background Information
For the uniaxial crystal, the general dispersion relation can be expressed as:

=0

Ordinary Ray Extra-ordinary Ray

no= Ordinary refractive index

ne=Extra-ordinary refractive index
ko=Free space wave number

Figure 12: Iso-frequency surface of

uniaxial crystal
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 Hyperbolic Metamaterial:
Hyperbolic iso-frequency Synthetic type of material with unusual material properties
surface due to its crafted microstructure, not for material composition
Reason behind the hyperbolic iso-surface:
Opposite sign of the transverse (εt ) and Anisotropic Material Property:
longitudinal component (εz ) of the permittivity ε
tensor. For example: εt =2.25 and εz =-100.
kt / ko
Hyperbolic metamaterial can be formed by:
• Sub-wavelength metal rod inclusion in dielectric host
TE • Periodic metal-dielectric layer stacking
TM

,0) β/ko HMM Dispersion Relation:

Air ,0)
Air
y

x
z
Figure 13: Iso-frequency contour of HMM
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 Methodology
Design &
Simulation MATLAB
COMSOL 2016a
Multiphysi
cs v5.0

Microsoft
Excel
2016
Calculation,
Data
plotting &
Collection
analysis

Final Outcome

Figure 14. Working Process Diagram

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 Proposed Model:

x
z

Figure 15: Cross section of the proposed Figure 16: Simulation result of mode field pattern a)
fiber TM1 mode b) TE1 mode

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 Performance Analysis:

Figure 15: Effect of core diameter Figure 16: Effective mode index as a
function of frequency 17
 Performance Analysis (Cont.):

Figure 18: Effect of cladding air hole diameter

Figure 17: Loss as a function of frequency (d) on loss and loss ration of TE1 and TM1
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 Performance Analysis (Cont.):

Figure 19: Power fraction as a function of frequency Figure 20: Effect of dielectric layer thickness (t)

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 Performance Analysis (Cont.):

Figure 21: Single mode behavior of the proposed fiber Figure 21: Behavior of the bent fiber as a function
of the bend radii
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 Achievements of the Proposed Model:
 To best of my knowledge, the numerical simulation of implementing hyperbolic metamaterial with metal coating
in the cladding air holes has been done for the very first time in this thesis work.
 Strong confinement of TM1 mode in wavelength scale core diameter
 Single mode window: 0.22 THz to 0.34 THz
 Loss: Minimum loss occurs at core diameter equals to the operating wavelength. At 0.3 THz, the transmission loss
is 0.23 dB/cm .
 Bending loss: 0.28 dB/cm at bend radii 5 cm
 Core power fraction: 96.8%
 Application: High speed data transfer, in particle accelerator to accelerate the relativistic electron bunches etc.

Table 1: Performance Comparison of the Proposed Fiber with Other HMM Fiber

[5]
[6]

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 Future Scopes
 The proposed fiber has a single-mode transmission window of 0.12 THz. The
operational range of the single-mode region can be improved.

 The radially polarized transverse magnetic mode (TM 1) offers comparatively

low coupling efficiency. Instead of the radially polarized wave, if the fiber
supports the linearly polarized wave, it could be a potential achievement.

 This fiber can be implemented for gas sensing applications. The low refractive
index of the gases results in week confinement of light in the fiber core. Thus,
the light-gas interaction reduces and the sensitivity becomes low. The
proposed fiber offers 96.8% of the total power confined in the core and it’s an
indication of the potentiality of this type of fibers as gas sensors.

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 References:
[1] V. P. Wallace, P. F. Taday, A. J. Fitzgerald, R. M. Woodward, J. Cluff, R. J. Pye, and D. D. Arnone, “Terahertz
pulsed imaging and spectroscopy for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications,” Faraday Discussions, vol. 126,
pp. 255–263, 2004.

[2] https://teraview.com/

[3] Taday, P.F., Bradley, I.V., Arnone, D.D. and Pepper, “ Using terahertz pulse spectroscopy to study the crystalline
structure of a drug: A case study of the polymorphs of ranitidine hydrochloride”. Journal of pharmaceutical
sciences, 92(4), pp.831-838.

[4] Brucherseifer, M., Nagel, M., Haring Bolivar, P., Kurz, H., Bosserhoff, A. and Büttner, R., “ Label-free probing
of the binding state of DNA by time-domain terahertz sensing’’. Applied Physics Letters, 77(24), pp.4049-4051,
2000

[5] H. Li, S. Atakaramians, R. Lwin, X. Tang, Z. Yu, A. Argyros, and B. T. Kuhlmey, “Flexible single-mode hollow-
core terahertz fiber with metamaterial cladding," Optica, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 941-947, 2016.

[6] H. Li, G. Ren, S. Atakaramians, B. T. Kuhlmey, and S. Jian, “Linearly polarized single TM mode terahertz
waveguide," Optics letters, vol. 41, no. 17, pp. 4004-4007, 2016. 23
Thank
You
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