PROJECT NAME

INDEX
• NERVOUS SYSTEM
• PARTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
• NERVOUS SYSTEM OF HUMAN BEINGS
• THE BRAIN
• NEURON
• REFLEX ACTION
 Nervous system mainly consists of
two parts
• 1 Nervous system in invertebrates
• 2 Nervous system in vertebrates
• Nervous system (invertebrate)
• All multicellular organisms have a nervous
system, which may be defined as
assemblages of cells specialized by their
shape and function to act as the major
coordinating organ of the body. Nervous
tissue underlies the ability to sense the
environment, to move and react to stimuli,
and to generate and control all behavior of
the organism
 Definition of invertebrates
• Invertebrates are those animals without a
backbone (spinal column). Invertebrates
include animals such as insects, worms,
jellyfish, spiders - these are only a few of
the many types of spineless creatures.
Hydra
• The hydra has a nervous
system characterized by a
nerve net. A nerve net is a
collection of separate, but
"connected" neurons.
Neurons are connected by
synapse. Communication
between neurons can be in
both directions at the
synapse within a nerve net.
The nerve net is
concentrated around the
mouth. Unlike higher
animals, the hydra does not
have any grouping of nerve
cell bodies. In other words,
there are no ganglia. The
hydra does have specialized
cells for touch and chemical
detection.
• The Nervous System of human beings The
Nervous System of human beings has TWO
Major Divisions.
• A. The Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of the
Brain and the Spinal Cord. The Spinal Cord carries
messages from the body to the Brain, where they are
analyzed and interpreted. Response Messages are then
passed from the Brain through the Spinal Cord and to the
rest of the Body.
• B. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of
the neurons NOT Included in the Brain and Spinal Cord.
Some Peripheral Neurons Collect Information from the
Body and Transmit it TOWARD the CNS. These are called
AFFERENT NEURONS. Other Peripheral Neurons
Transmit Information AWAY from the CNS. These are
called EFFERENT NEURONS.
Position of
different
organs in
human
beings
Nervous tissue is composed of
two main cell types: neurons
and glial cells. Neurons transmit
nerve messages. Glial cells are
in direct contact with neurons
and often surround them.
Brain (Main portion of nervous system)
The adult human brain is a 1.3-kg (3-lb) mass of
pinkish-gray jellylike tissue made up of
approximately 100 billion nerve cells, or
neurons; neuroglia (supporting-tissue) cells;
and vascular (blood-carrying) and other tissues.
.

Brain, portion of the central nervous system

contained within the skull. The brain is the
control center for movement, sleep, hunger,
thirst, and virtually every other vital activity
necessary to survival
• From the outside, the brain appears as
three distinct but connected parts: the
cerebrum (the Latin word for brain)—two
large, almost symmetrical hemispheres;
the cerebellum (“little brain”)—two
smaller hemispheres located at the back
of the cerebrum; and the brain stem—a
central core that gradually becomes the
spinal cord, exiting the skull through an
opening at its base called the foramen
magnum.
Divisions of the Nervous System
The nervous system monitors and controls
almost every organ system through a series of
positive and negative feedback loops.The
Central Nervous System (CNS) includes the
brain and spinal cord. The Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS) connects the CNS to other parts
of the body, and is composed of nerves (bundles
of neurons
• The central nervous system, gives rise to the
peripheral nervous system (the nerves on the
periphery of the body). The autonomic nervous
system (ANS) is under control of central
nervous system and is also part of the
peripheral nervous system, although these
nerves stay within the body and effect organs
and soft tissues and do not leave to effect
appendages (arms and legs). The autonomic
nervous system (ANS) is "automatic" and in
control of involuntary bodily functions and it is
divided into two parts: The sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous system. It regulates
the function of glands, the adrenal medulla,
smooth muscle tissue, organs and the heart.
• The brain and the spinal cord together make
up the central nervous system, which
communicates with the rest of the body
through the peripheral nervous system. The
peripheral nervous system consists of 12
pairs of cranial nerves extending from the
cerebrum and brain stem; a system of other
nerves branching throughout the body from
the spinal cord; and the autonomic nervous
system, which regulates vital functions not
under conscious control, such as the activity
of the heart muscle, smooth muscle
(involuntary muscle found in the skin, blood
vessels, and internal organs), and glands.
• The neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system.
Humans have about 100 billion neurons in their brain
alone!
Some axons are wrapped in a
myelin sheath formed from the plasma
membranes of specialized glial cells known
as Schwann cells. Schwann cells serve as
supportive, nutritive, and service facilities
for neurons. The gap between Schwann
cells is known as the node of Ranvier, and
serves as points along the neuron for
generating a signal. Signals jumping from
node to node travel hundreds of times
faster than signals traveling along the
surface of the axon. This allows your brain
to communicate with your toes in a few
thousandths of a second
 Reflex action a part of nervous
system
• A REFLEX is the simplest response to a STIMULUS.
• 10. Sneezing and Blinking are two examples of
Reflexes.
• 11. A Reflex produces a rapid MOTOR RESPONSE to a
STIMULUS because the Sensory Neuron Synapses
DIRECTLY with a MOTOR NEURON in the Spinal Cord.
• 12. REFLEXES are very fast, and Most Reflexes Never
Reach the Brain.
• 13. Blinking to protect your eyes from danger is a reflex.
• 14. 31 PAIRS of spinal nerves originate in the spinal cord
and branch out to both sides of the body. Carrying
messages to and from the spinal cord.
• 15. Sensory Neurons carry impulses from RECEPTORS
to the spinal cord
THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM.
Reflexes: A reflex is an automatic response to a
stimulus. For example, the lower leg jerks when
the tendon below the kneecap is gently tapped
with a small rubber hammer. The pathway that a
reflex follows (reflex arc) is a complete circuit,
without involvement of the brain. Doctors test
reflexes to determine whether the sensory nerve
to the spinal cord, the nerve connections in the
spinal cord, and the motor nerves back to the
muscle are all functioning. The reflexes most
commonly tested are the knee jerk and similar
reflexes at the elbow and ankle
Reflex Arc: A No-Brainer
 REFERENCES:
• WWW.GOOGLE.COM
• NCERT BOOK FOR CLASS 10
• PUNJAB SCHOOL EDUCATION
• BOARD FOR CLASS 10
• WWW.NERVOUS SYSTEM.COM
PREPARED
BY
Devinder Shahi
Msc. B Ed.

Tarsem Lal
M A. B Ed
HELPED BY
PARMINDER
SINGH
(COMPUTER
TEACHER)