备。

Lesson
Text Civil Engineering

Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management

environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rock

1
原理所建的一切结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设
环境的规划、设计、建筑和管理。这个环境包括按科学
土木工程，这个最古老的工程专业，是指对被建设
 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage sy

transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. Th

facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for i

use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently

space platforms to house self-contained communities.

在规划和设计空间平台来构建自给自足型社区。 2
木工程师规划，设计和建设完整的城市和乡镇，近年来，已经
型建筑物，它们设计用于工业，商业和居住等用途。此外，土
私有的设施，例如：机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，和其他大
实质上就是要建设现代化社会和大量人口集中地。他们也建设
供水排水系统，建医院，学校，公共交通设施和其他公共设施
土木工程师们修路、建桥、打隧道，建水坝，海港，发电厂，
The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782,
Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate
his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military
engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the
term civil engineering has often been used to refer to
engineers who build public facilities, although the field is
much broader.
土木这个词来源于拉丁文，愿意是市民。 1782 年，英国人 John
Smeaton 用这个术语将非军事工程工作从在当时占绝大多数的军
事工程师所人事的工程工作中区别开来。从那以后，土木工程
这个词常常用于表示建设公用设施的工程师们所人事的工作，
尽管这个领域要宽广得多。

3
cause it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the

il engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate util

r, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project

把工程项目设计好。
study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and groundwater( 地下水 ) pollution, the project’s impact on local

nd how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment. Transportation sp

hat kind of facilities are needed to ease the burden on local roads and other transportation networks that will result from the co
作以确保工程按期按质地完成。

同时 ), structural specialists use preliminary data to make detailed designs, plans, and specifications for the project. Supervising

g the work of these civil engineer specialists, from beginning to end of the project, are the construction management specialists.

supplies by the other specialists, construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of materials and labor

materials and equipment for the job, hire contractors and subcontractors, and perform other supervisory work to ensure the pro

on time and as specified.

4
订购材料和设备，签订承包合同和转包合同，完成其他监督工
所需的材料和人工的数据，对所有的工作提出计划，这各工序
工作。基于其他专家所提供的信息，建筑管理土木工程师估计
到结束，建筑管理专家都监督和协调着上述这些土木工程师的
据为工程项目做出详细的设计、规划，和说明。从工程的开工
当地道路和其他运输网络的压力。同时，结构专家用预备的数
运输专家确定需要什么设施来减轻由所完成的项目所引起的对

对当地动植物的影响，为满足保护环境的管理要求，怎样才能
目对当地的影响：潜在的空气和地下水资源的污染，工程项目
验来确定地基是否能承受工程项目的自重。环境专家们研究项
排水设施和电力线路的实际位置。岩土工程专家们完成土壤实
当一个项目开始时，场地被土木工程师所测绘，他们给定给水
各专业的土木工程专家所需要的技能取决于工程项目的类型。
范围：因为它的面太广，所以土木工程被分成许多技术专业。
ut any given project, civil engineers make extensive use of computers. Computers are used to desig

various elements (computer-aided design, or CAD) and to manage it. Computers are necessity for th

eer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quantities of data needed in dete

to construct a project.

何一个给定的工程项目，土木工程师始终（将介词 throughout 转译成副词）都要充分利用

设计工程的各要素（计算机辅助设计 CAD ）且用计算机来管理这个工程项目。对于现代土木

必备的工具，因为它们允许工程师高效地处理大量的用来制定工程最佳施工方法的数据。
5
al engineering.
In this specialty, civil engineers plan and design structures of all types, including bridge, dam

upports for equipment, special structures for offshore projects, the United States space program, transmission towers,

ical and radio telescopes, and many other kinds of projects. Using computers, structural engineers determine the for

must resist: its own weight, wind and hurricane forces, temperature changes that expand or contract construction ma

kes. They also determine the combination of appropriate materials: steel, concrete, plastic, asphalt, brick, aluminum,

tion materials.

.
在这个专业中，土木工程师计划和设计各种各样的结构，包括桥，水坝，发电厂，设备的支柱，海岸工程的特殊结

射塔，巨大的天文射电望远镜，和许多种其它的工程项目。利用计算机，结构工程师计算一个结构所必须承受的力：

风力，温度变化而引起的建筑材料的热胀冷缩的应力，和地震力。他们也确定合适的材料组合方法：钢材，砼，塑料

建筑材料。
6
eers in this specialty deal with all aspects of the physical control of water. Their projects help prevent floods, supply

gation, manage and control rivers and water runoff ( 流量 ), and maintain beaches and other waterfront( 市中河，湖 )

ey design and maintain harbors, canals( 运河 ), and locks ( 水闸 ), build huge hydroelectric dams and smaller dams

ents （蓄水） of all kinds, help design offshore structures, and determine the location of structures affecting naviga

工程：
这个专业的土木工程师处理水物质管理的各个方面的工作。他们的工程项目帮助防洪，城市供水和灌溉，管理

维护海滩和其它城市中的湖等设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河，和水闸，建筑巨大的水电坝和较小的水坝且

计堤岸结构，确定导航结构的位置。
7
ivil engineers who specialize in this field analyze the properties of soils and rocks that support structures an

l behavior. They evaluate ( 估计，求…值，评价 ) and work to minimize the potential settlement ( 沉降 ) of b

ctures that stems from the pressure of their weight on the earth. These engineers also evaluate and determi

n the stability of slopes and fills and how to protect structures against earthquakes and the effects of gr

个领域工作的土木工程师分析支承建筑物并影响结构特性的土壤和岩石的性质。他们计算建筑

压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。这些工程师也计算和确定怎样加强边坡

怎样保护建筑物使其免受地震和地下水的影响。
8
anch of engineering, civil engineers design, build and supervise systems to provide safe drinking water and to prevent an

of water supplies, both on the surface and underground. They also design, build, and supervise projects to control or eli

of the land and air. These engineers build water and wastewater treatment plants, and design air scrubbers ( 空气滤清器 )

to minimize or eliminate air pollution caused by industrial processes, incineration ( 烧成灰，焚化 ), or other smoke-producin

o work to control toxic and hazardous wastes through the construction of special dump sites or the neutralizing of toxic a

es. In addition, the engineers design and manage sanitary( 清洁的 ) landfills ( 垃圾埯埋法 ) to prevent pollution of surroundi

程
：在这个工程分支中，土木工程师设计，建造和监督提供安全饮用水，防止和控制用于地表水和地下水资源的污染的系统。他们

制和减少胜用于空气和土地污染的工程项目。这些工程师建筑水和废水处理厂，设计空气滤清器和其它设备以便将来自于工业生产，

的空气污染消除或减到最小的程度。他们也通过建设特殊的垃圾站或者是消除有毒有害物质，努力控制有毒害的废物。此外，这些工

洁站，以免污染周围的土壤。
9
ion engineering.
Civil engineers working in this specialty build facilities to ensure safe and efficient movement

. They specialize in designing and maintaining all types of transportation facilities, highways and streets,
（擅长于）

） systems, railroads and airfields, ports and harbors. Transportation engineers apply technological knowledge as

ion of the economic, political, and social factors in designing each project. They work closely with urban planners, si

e community is directly related to the quality of the transportation system.

的土木工程师建设公用设施保证人和物的安全有效的流动。他们擅长于设计和维护各种运输设施，公路和街道，公

，港口和海港。运输工程师在设计各个工程项目时，既应用科技知识，又考虑经济，政治和社会因素。他们与城市

社区建设的质量与运输系统的质量密切相关。
10
 gineering.
In this branch of civil engineering, engineers build pipelines and related facilities which transport liquids, gases, or solids

slurries （泥浆） (mixed coal and water) and semiliquid wastes, to water, oil, and various types of highly combustible and noncombustib

determine ①pipeline design, ② the economic and environmental impact of a project on regions it must traverse, ③the type of material

rete, plastic, ④or combinations of various materials-installation techniques, ⑤methods for testing pipeline strength, and ⑥controls for

ssure and rate of flow of materials being transported. When hazardous materials are being carried, safety is a major consideration as wel

：
在土木工程的这个分支专业中，工程师们建设管线和有关运送液体，气体，或煤泥浆（煤和水的混合物），半流

种易燃和不易燃的气体的设施。工程师们进行管线设计，并估计管线项目对所跨区域的经济环境影响，确定各种要

土，塑料等，确定各种材料组合方法即安装技术，制定测试管线强度的方法，制定保持和控制被运送材料的合理流

输有害物质时，主要还要考虑安全问题。
11
ineers determine pipeline design,

…impact of … on …,

个并列宾语 the type of …

combinations…

methods for…

controls for…
12
eers in this field oversee the construction of a project from beginning to end. Sometimes called project engineers, they apply both t

al skills, including knowledge of construction methods, planning, organizing, financing, and operating construction projects. They coor

of virtually everyone engaged in the work: the surveyors; workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps, excavate

n, build the forms and pour the concrete; and workers who build the steel framework. These engineers also make regular ( 定期的 ) pr

ners of the structure ( 业主，建设者 ).

域的土木工程师自始至终监督着工程项目的建筑活动。有时被称为项目工程师，他们既要应用技术技能，又要用

筑方法，计划，金融，组织和工程讯息工期。事实上他们协调着从事这项工作的每个人的活动，即以下人员的活

筑临时道路和停车坪，挖基础，倒混凝土的工人们；建筑钢框架的工人们。这些工程师们也定期向建设者 ( 业主
13
ty and urban planning.
Those engaged in this area of civil engineering may plan and develop community within a city, or

g involves far more than engineering consideration; environmental, social, and economic factors in the use and development of

e also key elements. These civil engineers coordinate planning of public works along with private development. They evaluate th

ded, including streets and highways, public transportation systems, airports, port facilities, water-supply and waste water-disp

ngs, parks, and recreational and other facilities to ensure social and economic as well as environmental well-being.

市规划
：从事土木工程这一领域工作的人们，在一个城市内规划和开发小区（社区），或者规划和开发整个城市，

建设方面的思考；土地和自然资源开发利用中的环境，社会和经济因素也是要思考的关键元素。这些土木工程师将公

行协调规划，他们估计各种必备的设施，包括街道，公共运输系统，机场，港口设施，供水系统和废水处理系统，公

设施，以确保社会，经济和环境的健康发展。
14
try, surveying, and mapping.
The civil engineers in this specialty precisely measure the Earth’s surface to obtain reliable inf

designing engineering projects. This practice often involves high-technology methods such as satellite and aerial surveying, and com

f photographic imagery. Radio signal from satellites, scans by laser and sonic beams, are converted to maps to provide far more accur

ts for boring tunnels, building highways and dams, plotting flood control and irrigation project, locating subsurface geologic formation

truction project, and a host of other building uses.

测绘：

业的工程师们精密测量地球的表面以获得工程项目设计和施工中所需要的可靠的位置信息。这种活动常常包括高科技的方法：航空，航天测量，

自于卫星，激光器扫描和声波束扫描所得到的无线电信号转换成地图，为掘隧道，建水坝，规划洪水控制和灌溉等工程项目提供较从前精密得多的

和大量在用建筑物的地下的地质构造进行定位而提供较以前精确得多的测量数据。
15
ecialties.
Two additional civil engineering specialties that are not entirely within the scope of civil engineering b

o the discipline are engineering management and engineering teaching.

属专业，它不完全属于土木工程范围，但对土木工程学科而言是必不可少的，它们是工程管理专业和工程教育专业

tirely within the scope of… 不完全属于

tial to ……………… 对 ... 必不可少的

16
ing management.

Many civil engineers choose careers that eventually lead to management. Others are ab

anagement positions. The civil engineer-manager combines technical knowledge with an ability to organize and coordinat

rials, machinery, and money. These engineers may work in government—municipal, county, state, or federal; in the U.S. A

military or civilian management engineers; or in semiautonomous regional or city authorities or similar organizations. Th

ate engineering firms ranging in size from a few employees to hundreds.

工程师最终选择侧重于管理的职业。其他人一开始就有能力从事管理岗位的工作。土木工程师－管理者将科技知

材料，机械和资金等方面的能力结合起来。这些工程师们服务于政府－市政府，县政府，州政府，联邦政府；他

部门的工程师军团，或服务于民间当民用工程的管理工程师；或服务于半自治区或城市当局；或服务于类似的组

从几个到数百个雇员的私营工程公司。
17
18
ring teaching.
The civil engineer who chooses a teaching career usually teaches both graduate （

uate students （本科生） in technical specialties. Many teaching civil engineers engage in basic research th

leads to technical innovations in construction materials and methods. Many also serve as consultants on e

or on technical boards and commissions associated with major projects.

职业的土木工程师们既教该专业的研究生也教本科生。许多从事教育的土木工程师从事一些基础研究工作，这些工作

法上的技术革新。许多也给工程项目当顾问，或给与主要工程项目相关的委员会或技术部门当顾问。

ve as consultants on B

B 当顾问
19
y, civil engineers……

in this specialty do …
小结：从事……的
who specialize in this field do …

f engineering, civil engineers do …

working in this specialty do …

in this field do …

this area of civil engineering may do …

eers choose careers that …

20
 注： all of man’s efforts
Lesson 2 (Text) Building and Architecture
•Para 1
用途就是为人类的活动提供躲风避雨的场所。从穴居时代一直到现在，人类首要的需求之一就是要有一个躲风避雨的地

The purpose of a building is to provide a shelter for the performance of human activities. From the time of the c
术包含将环境和直接自然力控制在自己的需求之内的一切人类的努力。这门艺术除了建筑物本身外，还包含象水坝、运

first needs of man has been a shelter from the elements. In a more general sense, the art of building encompasses all of man's efforts

土木工程结构。
natural forces to his own needs. This art includes, in addition to buildings, all the civil engineering structures such as dams, canals, tu

“重男轻女”的英国语言现象
= 尽人类的一切努力

21
 Para 2
是将建筑物设计成躲风避雨的场所，还是将土木工程结构用于其它用途，其科学根据都是一样的。这两个领域沿
•
The scientific basis for the design of buildings as shelters and for the design of 'civil engineering struct

是我们的现代社会的特殊需求的结果。同理，将建筑物当成躲风避雨场所的建造商已不再是个人行为了；相反，
of the specialized requirements of our modern society that these two fields have developed along separate paths. In a similar

的队伍来完成，这些专家有：设计师，建筑师，工程师和施工人员。当代建筑主管要依靠他的建筑队的集体智慧
as a shelter is no longer an individual; instead, his work is done by a team of several specialists: the planner, the architect, th

building depends on the collective talents of this team.

注： master builder = 建造商，建筑工程队队长
concerned with …A… as …B…= 关于将 A 作为 B 的…
22
the collective talents of this team. = 团队的集体智慧和才干。
 Para 3

构是其功能、环境及各种社会经济因素共同作用的产物。公寓楼、办公楼、学校的结构都不相同，因为它
•
The form of a building is an outgrowth （长出，派出，结果，副产品，产物） of its function, its enviro

such as……= 例如：……

，每一个可居住的空间，如：客厅、卧室，必须有来自于窗户的自然采光；而卫生间和厨房可以只用人
apartment building, an office building, and a school differ in form because of the difference in the functions they fulfill. In an

更内部一些的位置。这种需求自然就限制了对公寓楼的建筑深度。另一方面，在办公楼，可以采用均匀
living rooms and bedrooms, must have natural light from windows while bathrooms and kitchens can have artificial light an

注： apartment building( 美 ) ＝公寓大楼

This set of requirements places a natural limit on the depth of an apartment building. In office buildings, on the other hand,
种建筑物的深度不受自然采光需求的限制。

illumination, and therefore the depth of such buildings is not limited by a need for natural light.

23
uniform illumination= 均匀照明
 walls to seal out the city completely, and a country school may develop as an integral part of the lands
Environment may affect both the shape and appearance of a building. An urban
环境可能影响建筑物的形状和外观。城市的学校可以用间隔围墙将它完全与城市隔开，而乡村学校可以开

种学校都能实现相同的功能，便它们的形状和外观大不相同。
• Paragraph 5
Paragraph 4

Finally, the form of a building is affected by a variety of socioeconomic

factors, including land costs, tenancy, building budget, and zoning
•

restrictions. High land costs in urban areas result in high buildings, while low
land costs in the country result in low buildings.
最终，建筑物的结构受多种社会经济因素的影响，包括土
地价格，租赁，建筑预算和地区的限制。市区的地价高而在市
24
区建高层建筑，而乡村的低地价导致了乡村的低层建筑。
•
 Paragraph 5 （ continued ）

•
A housing project for the rich will take a different form than a low-cost housing project.

seal out ... = 与…隔开，

注： blank walls= 间隔围墙，
的住宅项目将采用一种与廉价住宅项目不同的结构。威望性办公楼的预算比其它办公楼的预算要宽松得多。建筑物的体积和它的外
•
generously （大方地） budgeted for than other office buildings. The bulk of a building and its outlin
子说明，具有相同功能的建筑物表现出不同的结构。

these examples, buildings with similar functions take on different forms.

than… = 与…相比，
a low-cost housing project= 低廉造价的住宅项目
both…and… = 既…又，

25
费和视觉混乱。
Paragraph 6:
Architecture is the art of building. Virtually all architecture is concerned with the enclosure of space for h

•
any specific building—ranging from an assembly line in a factory to a living room in a home—should dictate the size and sha

must be arranged in some logical relation to each other. Furthermore, the movement of human beings within the building—“circ

用法）— requires halls, stairs, or elevators whose size is governed by the expected load of traffic. The plan of a structure, alwa

resolution of these different purposes into an organization of spaces that will fulfill the intent of the building. Good planning guid

impresses him, perhaps subconsciously （潜意识地） , by visibly （显然） relating the several units of the edifice （大厦，

inconvenience, waste, and visual confusion.

26
目的地，并潜意识地给人以深刻的印象。相反，一个坏的设计导致不方便，浪
厅，楼梯，或电梯等设施，这些设施的尺寸受预期的通道所支配。结构设计－

意图。良好的设计方案，显然关系到大厦中几个单元，引导来宾到达结构中的
排列。此外，人类在建筑物中的运动－以建筑术语来说的循环“运动”需要大
该规定其几个区域的尺寸和形状。这些空间也应该按相互间的某种逻辑关系来
境。在特定建筑物中开展的精细活动－从工厂的装配线到住宅中的客厅，都应

建筑师首先要考虑的问题，是将这些不同用途的空间进行功能分区以实现建筑
建筑学是建筑物的艺术。事实上，建筑学涉及到人类使用的一切空间和环
 Paragraph 7.

Furthermore, a structure must be well built; it should have such permanence as the purpose for which it is intended dem

The raw materials of architecture—stone, brick, wood, steel, or glass—in part govern the forms of the building and are ex

compression, the force that squeezes together, almost indefinitely. While it is possible to crush stone in a laboratory, for

unlimited. On the other hand, stone is weak in withstanding tension, the force that pulls apart. Any beam spanning a void

supports, putting the lower half of the beam under tension. It follows from the tensile weakness of stone that beams of thi

supported at frequent intervals.

梁必须做得短，而且要频繁地等间距地进行支撑。
27
而且，一座建筑物必须认真建造；它应该具有与其预订要求的用

在张力的作用下将梁的一半向下拉。因为石头的抗张能力弱，所以用石头做
际应用中，它的压强是无限的。另一方面，石头抵抗张力的能力很弱，张力
几乎能无限地抵抗压力－－挤到一起的力。而在实验室里压碎石头，但在实
－石、砖、木或玻璃－部分地支配了建筑物的结构并且用它们来表达。石头
途相适应的耐用性，并且所选的材料应满足这种耐用性要求。建筑的原材料

即拉开之力。任何跨过一段悬空距离的梁在两个支柱之间都趋向于向下弯曲，
拱门结构。
Paragraph 7. (continued)

Moreover, stone columns must be sturdy, rarely more than 10 times as high as they are wide. In stone buildings, window

almost compelled to be taller than they are wide—the vertical rectangle of the stone aesthetic （美学的） . Stone has b

Western world that forms appropriate to （ ） it have been preserved even in buildings constructed of wood as
适合于

lends, itself to the kind of construction in which walls support the floors and roof, to post （柱） and lintel （过梁） co

and to arch construction where the stresses are predominantly compressive.

28
此外，石柱必须坚固，石柱的高度很少大于其宽度的 10 倍。在

筑的建筑物中，适合用的石材结构至今还保留着。那时，石材地
建筑学中之占有如此的主导地位，甚至于在乔治亚时代用木材建
高度大于宽度－－石头做的美学的垂直矩形。石头在西方世界的

作柱间距相当近的过梁结构，用于其应力是以应力占主导地位的
各种建筑结构中用作墙结构来支撑地板和房顶，用作柱结构，用
石头的建筑物中，两柱之间的门、窗，和空间几乎被强行地做成
支撑点。
Paragraph 8.

Wood, a fibrous material, withstands tension as readily as it does compression. Wooden beams may be relatively longer than ston

spaced. A horizontal rectangle, wider than it is high, results from the natural properties of wood, as may be seen in Japanese architec

度） that is equal to or greater than its compressive strength （抗压强度） . Anyone who has observed a steel building under const

梁格结构 ) of horizontal rectangles produced by the slender, widely spaced columns and the long beams of each floor. The nature of

—a skeleton to support floors and roof—with whatever surfacing material may be necessary. Wood and steel also permit cantilever

beyond the last point of support.

29
细长，宽跨距的柱子和长梁所构成，用作地板的梁格结构。木材和钢材的自

表面材料都可以。木材和钢材也适合做悬臂结构，这里梁的长度超出最后的
然特性适合于做框架结构－－一种支撑地板和屋顶的骨架－－不论需用什么
于其抗压强度。在钢结构下观察过的任何人一定已经注意到：水平的矩形由
木材的自然特性，变象在日本建筑中所见的那样。钢材的抗张强度大于或等
要长一些，木制柱细长而跨距大。一个水平的木制矩形，宽大于高，起因于
木材，一种纤维材料，抗张力与抗压力一样容易。木制梁相对于石制梁而言
 Paragraph 9.

Finally, architecture must do more than meet the physical requirements of strength and space; it must also content the spirit

which the several parts contribute. Thus, the sides and rear of a structure should bear sufficient correspondence to the front to

internal divisions, too, require some expression in the external design. The nave （ ） , aisles （ ） , transepts
早期的教堂中殿 通道

chapels （ ） of Gothic cathedrals （ ） , for example, are all visible on the exterior, so that the visitor
辐射状小礼拜堂 哥特式的大教堂

因此，参观者潜意识地要准备进去找点什么。
30
在哥特式的大教堂中，中殿、通道、交叉通道、后殿和多个辐
足以与其前面相对应，使其所有相关的部件形成一个单独的整
部件形成一个美学的统一体。因此建筑结构的两侧和背后应该
有更多的要求；它也必须含有人的精神内容。建筑物应该由各
最后，建筑学除了有物质上的强度和空间要求外，还应该

体。大多数内部的分割也要求在外部设计中有所表现。例如，

射状小礼拜堂在其大教堂的外部设计中都可以见到其表现形式，
 Paragraph 10.

Architecture calls for good proportions—a pleasing relationship of voids to solids( 虚与实的关系 ), of h

breadth( 长与宽 ). Many attempts have been made to explain good proportions by mathematical formulas,

efforts have not found general acceptance, however, although good results have been achieved through

example, a module that is half the diameter of a column) throughout the design. Such repetitions help to

human mind seems to crave.

31
建模）得到过好的结果，但是这些努力都没有得到让人公认的
全过程中通过反复试验某些尺寸（例如：以一圆柱直径的一半
长与宽的关系。人们已经做过许多次努力想用数学公式方法，
建筑要求有恰当的比例，即令人愉快的虚与实、高与宽、

如黄金分割法，来解释这种恰当的比例关系。尽管在整个设计

好结果。这种重复法有利于产生人类大脑所渴望的可见的顺序。
11.
（找同学翻译）

ilding also should have what architects call scale; that is, it should visually convey its true size. Such elemen

, steps, or balustrades( 栏杆，扶手，扶栏 ), though slightly variable in size, are, by their very purpose, related

imensions of human beings. They therefore become, almost imperceptibly （ ） , units of mea
察觉不到地，微细地

ing （ ） the size of the whole edifice （ ） . Because these units are so small in comparison
测量，测定，计量 大厦

, other elements of intermediate size are needed. Stairs and a balustrade may give a clue to the size of a door

he height of a colonnade （ ） ; and finally, the colonnade to the whole structure. The Petit Triano
廊，柱廓，柱列

s（ ） is perfect in scale. The absence of small elements in St. Peter‘s in Rome （

法国北部城市：凡尔赛 罗马的圣彼

es it difficult to perceive （认识到） its vastness.

32
ph 12. ( 请同学翻译 )

ugh all decoration （装饰品，装饰） is rejected in some modern architecture, it was employe

ther for its inherent （固有的，内在的） beauty or to emphasize some point of importance in t

g. Decoration or ornament （装饰物） may be used to contribute the character, the visible ex

urpose of the building. Thus a bank should look like a bank, and a church should be immedi

able （可以确认的） as such. Ideally （理想地） , too, any building should seem to belong on i

me relationship to its architectural neighbors and the local geography （地理学，地理） .

33
agraph 13.
请同学翻译

( )

hrough the related （所讲述的） architectural forms shaped by their purpose, governed b

rials, proportioned and given scale and character by the designer, buildings become expr

eals （理想） and aspirations （渴望） of the generations （世世代代） that built them. Th

的） styles （风格） of historic architecture are incarnations （化身） of the spirit of their
34
 Lesso

Text

Components of A Building

注： components ([ 建筑 ] )

建筑构件
构件

35
 aterials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load-carrying frame （

, and partitions （隔墙） . The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling

ms. The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation is that part of a buildin

料与建筑结构相结合构成一个建筑物的各种构件，包括承载框架，表面，地面和隔墙等。建筑物也有机

电梯，供热和冷却系统，照明系统。上部结构是指建筑物的地面以上的部分，下部结构和基础是建筑物地

注： A and B are combined to make up C

36
=A 与 B 相结合构成 C 。
 The skyscraper owes its existence to two developments of the 19th century ： steel skeleton construction and the p

a construction material dates from the introduction of the Bessemer converter in 1855. Gustave Eiffel (1832-1923) in

nstruction in France. His designs for the Galerie des Machines and the Tower for the Paris Exposition of 1889 expres

②dates from… 源于…

eel framework. The Eiffel Tower, 984 feet (300 meters) high, was the tallest structure built by man and was not surpa

a series of American skyscrapers.

摩天楼的存在归功于 19 世纪的两大发展：钢骨架结构和乘客电梯。钢材作为结构材料源于 1855 年的 Bassemer 转炉

23) 在法国提出了钢结构。他在 1889 年巴黎博览会上展示的钢塔和机器充分显示了钢构架的轻盈和灵活。 Eiffel 斜塔

③not…A…until…B…= 直到… B… 才… A…
经是由人类建筑的最高的建筑物，直到 40 年后才被美国的摩天楼系列所超过。
①Owes…A…to…B…= 将… A… 归功于… B…;
37
 （宏大的导轨） （水压力）

楼 )in New York in 1857. In 1889, Eiffel installed the first elevators （第一套电梯组） on a grand scale in the Eiffel Tower, whose hydraulic elevators could transport 2,350 passengers to the summit every hour.

iffel 在 Eiffel 塔的宏大的导轨上安装了第一套电梯组，这种水压升降机每小时能将 2350 名乘客运送到塔项。

38
 arrying Frame.
Until the late 19th century, the exterior walls of a building were used as bearing walls to s

ction is essentially a post and lintel type, and it is still used in frame construction for houses. Bearing-wall constructio

ildings because of the enormous wall thickness required; for instance, the 16-story Monadnock Building built in the 18

feet (1. 5meters) thick at the lower floors. In 1883, William Le Baron Jenney (1832-1907) supported floors on cast-iro

承载框架
-like construction. Skeleton construction, consisting of steel beams and columns, was first used in 1889.

被用作承重墙支撑地板。这种结构本质上是一种柱型和过梁型结构，它仍然用于房屋的框架结构。由于需要较大的

的高度，如：于 1880 年所建的 16 个传奇性的 Monadnock 建筑物其底层的墙就有 5 英呎（ 1.5 米）厚。 1883 年，

(1832-1907) 将地板放在铸铁做的柱子之上形成一个象笼子似的结构。骨架结构，由钢梁和钢柱所组成，于 1889 年

39
enclosing walls become a “curtain wall” rather than serving a supporting function. Masonry （砖石建筑） was the curtain wall material until the 1930's, when light metal and glass curtain walls were used. After the introduction of the steel skeleton, the height of buildings continued to increase rapidly.

支撑作用。到了 1930 年代，使用轻金属和玻璃幕墙时，砖石成了帘墙材料。在使用钢骨架结构后，建筑物的高度连续快速地增加。

40
buildings were built with a skeleton of steel until World War II . After the war, the shortage of steel

quality of concrete led to tall buildings being built of reinforced concrete （钢筯混凝土） . Marina

Chicago is the tallest concrete building in the United States; its height—588 feet (179 meters)—is

oot (198-meter) Post Office Tower in London and by other towers.

层建筑用钢骨架建筑一直用到二次世界大战。战后，由于钢材的短缺和混凝土质量的改善，高层建

。芝加哥的 Marina 塔（ 1962 年）是美国当时最高的混凝土建筑物，它高 588 英呎（ 179 米）；后

的邮电塔和其它的高塔所超过。
41
ge in attitude about skyscraper construction has brought a return to the use of the bearing wall. In New York City, t

ing System Building, designed by Eero Saarinen in 1962, has a perimeter wall consisting of 5-foot (1. 5-meter) wi

paced 10 feet (3 meters) from column center to center. This perimeter wall, in effect, constitutes a bearing wall. O

is that stiffness against the action of wind can be economically obtained by using the walls of the building as a tub

ter buildings are another example of this tube approach. In contrast （相反） , rigid frames or vertical trusses are

o give lateral （侧异） stability.

楼的态度改变，让人们又回过头去使用承重墙。在纽约，由 Eero Saarinen 于 1962 年设计的哥伦比亚广播大楼，

呎（ 1.5 米）宽的混凝土柱所组成，柱中心到中心 10 英呎（ 3 米）。这道圆柱墙，实际上，构成了一道承重墙。

是：将建筑物的墙作成管状容易获得抵抗风力的硬度；世界贸易中心也是采用这种管状方法的另一个例子。相反

架总是用来提供侧异的稳定性。
42
skin of a building consists of both transparent （透明的） elements (windows) and opaque （不透

(walls). Windows are traditionally glass, although plastics are being used, especially in schools w

creates a maintenance problem. The wall elements, which are used to cover the structure and are

built of a variety of materials: brick, precast （预制的） concrete, stone, opaque glass, plastics, ste

. Wood is used mainly in house construction; it is not generally used for commercial, industrial, or

because of the fire hazard.

：
建筑物的表面工程由透明元素（窗户）和不透明元素（墙）组成。窗户从传统意义上讲就是玻璃，虽然

校，窗户的损坏带来维护问题。墙元素，用来遮盖结构和支撑结构，由各种材料制成：砖，预制混凝土，

塑料，钢材和铝等。木材主要用于房屋建筑物。因消防的原因，木材通常不会用于商业、工业，或公共建
43
onstruction of the floors in a building depends on the basic structural frame that is used. In steel skeleton construction, floors are either

) of concrete resting on steel beams or a deck consisting of corrugated （起波纹的） steel with a concrete topping. In concrete construct

slabs of concrete on concrete beams or a series of closely spaced concrete beams (ribs) in two directions topped with a thin concrete sla

e of a waffle on its underside. The kind of floor that is used depends on the span between supporting columns or walls and the function

ent building, for instance, where walls and columns are spaced at 12 to 18 feet (3. 7 to 5. 5 meters), the most popular construction is a soli

ams. The underside of the slab serves as the ceiling for the space below it. Corrugated steel decks are often used in office buildings beca

ns, when - enclosed by another sheet of metal, form ducts for telephone and electrical lines.

建筑中，地面的结构取决于所使用的基本结构框架。在钢骨架结构中，地面或者是铺在钢梁上的混凝土平板，或者是由具有混凝土

在混凝土结构中，地板或是混凝土梁上的混凝土平板，或是一系统相距较近的混凝土梁，而在梁上以两个方向盖上混凝土厚板。所

或墙间的跨距和空间的功能。例如，公寓楼中，墙和柱的间距在 12 － 18 英呎（ 3.7-5.5 米），最流行的结构是无梁的实心混凝土平

空间的天花板。因其皱状波纹钢甲板常用于办公楼中，当附上另一种金属薄片形成甲板用于电话和电力线。
44
cal and Electrical Systems.

building not only contains the space for which it is intended (office, classroom, apartment) but also contains ancillary( 辅助的，附属的 ) sp

and electrical systems that help to provide a comfortable environment. These ancillary spaces in a skyscraper office building may constitute

ding area. The importance of heating, ventilating （通风） , electrical, and plumbing systems （卫生设备系统） in an office building is sho

the construction budget is allocated to them. Because of the increased use of sealed （密封的） buildings with windows that cannot be open

） mechanical systems are provided for ventilation and air conditioning.

系统 现代建筑物不但包含其预期用途的空间（办公室，教室，公寓）而且也包含用于机械和电力系统的辅助空间，
：

境。在摩天办公楼中，这些辅助空间可能占到总建筑面积的 25% 。在一个办公楼当中，供热，通风，电力和卫生设备

配到这些设施上的建筑预算达 40% 。由于具有不能打开窗户的密封建筑物的增加，精心制作的机械系统提供来用于通

45
nd pipes （输送管道） carry fresh air from central fan rooms and air conditioning machinery. Th

suspended below the upper floor construction, conceals the ductwork ( 通风系统的通风管 )and c

nits. Electrical wiring for power and for telephone communication may also be located in this ceili

e buried in the floor construction in pipes or conduits （管道、导管，水道，水管） .

管道系统从中心风扇和空调机运适新鲜空气。在上部的地板结构之下所吊的天花板隐藏着通风系

明单元。用于电力和电话通信的电线也可以放在这种天花板隐藏的空间之中，或埋在地板结构之

46
e have been attempts to incorporate the mechanical and electrical systems into the architecture of buildings

g them; for example, the American Republic Insurance Company Building (1965) in Des Moines, Iowa, expo

the floor structure in an organized and elegant pattern and dispenses with the suspended ceiling. This type

possible to reduce the cost of the building and permits innovations, such as in the span （跨度） of the struc

地说，人们一直在努力将机械和电力系统合并到建筑物的结构中去；例如，美国共公保险公司

）位于美国衣阿华 IOWA 州得梅因市，将管道和地板结构暴露在经心组织的文雅图案之中，并

之上。这种方法能减少建筑物的成本，能开展技术革新，如：改革结构的跨度。
47
gs are supported on the ground, and therefore the nature of the soil becomes an extremely important consideration in the design of any building. The des

any soil factors, such as type of soil, soil stratification （层化） , thickness of soil layers and their compaction （致密性） , and groundwater （地下水

ingle composition （成份） ; they generally are mixtures in layers of varying thickness. For evaluation （评价） , soils are graded according to particle s

silt （淤泥） to clay （粘土） to sand to gravel （砂砾层） to rock. In general, the larger particle soils will support heavier loads than the smaller ones.

ads up to 100 tons per square foot (976. 5 metric tons/sq meter), but the softest silt can support a load of only 0. 25 ton per square foot (2. 44 metric tons

：
所有建筑物都由土地支撑，因此土壤的自然特性在建筑设计中成了极其重要的考虑因素。基础设计取决于许多土壤因素，如：土壤类型

的致密性以及地下水条件等。只有单一成份的土壤很少；它们通常是各种厚度不同的土层的混合物。为了评估土壤，根据其颗粒大小，可

从小到大可分为：淤泥，粘土，砂，砂砾层到岩石。通常较大颗粒的土壤比较小颗粒的土壤可以支撑更重的负载最硬的岩石可以支撑的负

76.5 吨 / 每平方米） , 但是最软的淤泥能支撑的则只有 0.25 吨 / 每平方英呎（ 2.44 吨 / 平方米）。

48
h the surface are in a state of compaction; that is, they are under a pressure that is equal to the weight of the soil column above it.

s and gravels) exhibit elastic properties—they deform when compressed under load and rebound when the load is removed. The el

endent, that is, deformations of the soil occur over a length of time which may vary from minutes to years after a load is imposed. O

g may settle if it imposes a load on the soil greater than the natural compaction weight of the soil. Conversely, a building may heave

oil smaller than the natural compaction weight. The soil may also flow under the weight of a building; that is, it tends to be squeezed

所有土壤都处于密致状态；即，它们所受的压力等于其上的土壤柱的重量。许多土壤（除大多数砂子和砂砾层

荷的压力时它们发生变形，而卸载时则反弹。土壤的弹性常依赖于时间，即，土壤变形要经历一段长时间，加

数分钟到数年。过了一段时间后，如果加在土壤上的负载大于土壤自然密度时的重量，则建筑物会发生变形。

载小于土壤自然密度时的重量，建筑物就会被举起。土壤也可能在建筑物的重量之下流动，即，它具有被挤出
49
both the compaction and flow effects, buildings tend to settle （沉降） . Uneven settlements, exemplified by the leaning towers in Pi

maging effects—the building may lean, walls and partitions may crack, windows and doors may become inoperative, and, in the ext

e. Uniform settlements are not so serious, although extreme conditions, such as those in Mexico City, can have serious consequenc

rs, a change in the groundwater level there has caused some buildings to settle more than 10 feet (3 meters). Because such move

fter construction, careful analysis of the behavior of soils under a building is vital.

紧和流动的影响，建筑物趋于沉降。不均匀沉降，以意大利的 Pisa 斜塔和 Bologna 斜塔为例，可能有破坏性

，墙和隔离物可能裂缝，门窗可能变得无用，而在极端的情况下，建筑物可能倒塌。均匀沉降既使在极端的

，如墨西哥城发生过这种情况，但也可能产生严重的后果。过去 100 年后，地下水位的变化引起某些建筑物

3 米）。因为这种运动可能发生在建造期和建造后，所以认真分析建筑物之下的土壤特性是至关重要的。
50
he great variability of soils has led to a variety of solutions to the foundation problem. Where firm soil exists close to the su

ion is to rest columns on a small slab of concrete (spread footing 扩展底座 ). Where the soil is softer, it is necessary to spr

over a greater area; in this case, a continuous slab of concrete (raft or mat 茷形基础或坐垫 ) under the whole building is u

oil near the surface is unable to support the weight of the building, piles （桩） of wood, steel, or concrete are driven dow

于土壤的极大可变性地，因此人们已经建立了对基础问题的多种多样的解决方法。在土壤坚固且接近地面的地方，最简单

一个小的混凝土平板（扩展底座）上。在土壤较松的地方，有必要将柱负载延展到一个较大的面积上；在这种情况下，在

续的混凝土平板（茷形基础或坐垫）。万一接近地面的土壤不能支撑起建筑物的重量，就要将木桩，钢桩，或混凝土庄打

Where…; where…;where… 排比句

51
onstruction of a building proceeds naturally from the foundation up to the superstructure. The design process, how

oof down to the foundation (in the direction of gravity). In the past, the foundation was not subject to systematic in

pproach to the design of foundations has been developed in the 20th century. Karl Terzaghi of the United States pi

t made it possible to make accurate predictions of the behavior of foundations, using the science of soil mechanic

led with （外加，加上） exploration and testing procedures （检验程序） . Foundation failures of the past, such

f the leaning tower in Pisa, have become almost nonexistent. Foundations still are a hidden but costly part of many

筑物的建造自然是从基础延伸到上部结构进行的。可是设计过程是按从顶部向下到基础的方向进行的（按重力方向

经过系统的调查研究。科学设计基础的方法是在 20 世纪发展起来的。 Karl Terzaghi[ 美 ] 应用土壤力学，外加勘察

研究，使得人们能够精确预报基础的特性 。过去基础失败，例如经典的 Pisa 斜塔，已经变得几乎不存在了。对于

然是一个隐藏的，而又是投资最大的构件。
52
 Text

第四课
Fazlur Rahman khan

高大建筑物
课文

Tall Buildings
53
 和建设。
Although there have been many advancements in building con

general, spectacular achievements have been made in the desi

ultrahigh-rise buildings.

54
在通常意义上讲，尽管在建筑物建设

且壮观的建设成就还得算超高层建筑物的设计
技术方面已经取得了许多进步，但是举世瞩目
 The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing.

stressed-shin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used i

both residential and commercial purposes. The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 t

built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new s

55
建筑之中。遍及美国的从五十层楼到 110 层楼的高层
颇具经济性和竞争力地用到了大量的商用建筑和住宅
起来的。其后钢筯混凝土和薄壳筒体体系结构一直是
早期的高层建筑物是以钢框架结构开始发展

建筑的建设就是这种新体系结构的革新和发展的结果。
 Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind

acceptable limit. Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions （隔离物） , ce

增加硬度来限制这种摆动。
addition, excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because of their percepti

systems of reinforced concrete, as well as steel, take full advantage of the inherent potential stiffness o

require additional stiffening to limit the sway.

56
结构体系充分利用整个建筑物所固有的潜在硬度，因此不需要
人因感觉到这种摆动而惶恐不安。钢筯混凝土结构体系以及钢
极限值。过度的侧向摆动可能会频繁地造成隔墙、天花板和其
这样在风力载荷的作用下，建筑物的摆动才不会超过可允许的

他建筑构件严重损坏。此外，过度的摆动，会让建筑物的居住
高度越大，就越需要加大柱和梁的尺寸，使建筑物更稳固，
 In a steel structure, for example, the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity

额外费用的结构体系。
of the building. Curve A in Fig. 1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing

represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads. The gap between the u

represents the premium （额外费用） for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame. Structural eng

systems with a view to eliminating this premium.

57
外增加的钢材用量，结构工程师们已经提出了着眼于减少这个
的间距表示对于传统的柱梁框架而言，由于增加高度而需要额
不受侧部负荷时的平均每个框架用钢材的重量。上下边界之间
例如，钢结构造价的节约措施可以根据建筑物平均每平

着层数增加时平均每个惯用的框架的重量。曲线 B 代表在框架
方英尺地板面积所用的钢材量来制定。图 1 中的曲线 A 表示随
58
 宅建筑。
Systems in steel. Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of （作为…的结果） several types of structural i

to the construction of both office and apartment buildings.

Frames with rigid belt trusses. In order to （为了） tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interi

trusses ( 钢性带式桁架 )at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used. A good example of this system

in Milwaukee.

设置钢性带式桁架系统。一个优良的范例是位于
59
钢体系：钢结构高层建筑是几种类型的技术革新发

垂直桁架连在一起，可以在（高层）建筑的中间和顶部
钢性带式桁架框架：为了把框架结构的外柱与内部
展的结果。这些革新既已经用于办公楼，也已经用于住

Milwau-kee 市的建于 1974 年的 Wisconsin 州立银行大楼。

结构塔。
Framed tube. The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a tall building, for both strength and stiffne

achieved only if all column elements can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building

rigid box in projecting out of the ground. This particular structural system was probably used for the first ti

concrete DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago. The most significant use of this system is in the

110-story World Trade Center building in New York.

60
特殊的结构体系第一次使用可能是在 Chicago43 层的钢筋混凝

是建于纽约的 110 层的世界贸易中心大楼，它采用的成对的钢

子才能让高层建筑总体结构发挥最高效地抵抗风力负载。这种
相连接使整个建筑作为一个空心筒或突出地面的一个刚性的箱

土结构的 DeWitt Chestnut 公寓大楼。这种结构的最重要的应用

框架筒：对于强度和刚度二者而言，只有将所有的柱子互
 Column-diagonal truss tube. The exterior columns of a building can be spaced reason

层楼的正常钢材用量。
made to work together as a tube by connecting them with diagonal members intersecti

columns and beams. This simple yet extremely efficient system was used for the first tim

in Chicago, using as much steel as is normally needed for a traditional 40-story building.

61
Chicago 的 John Hancock 中心，所用钢材达传统的 40
做成筒状。这种简单而极其有效的结构体系首次用于
然后在柱和梁中线的交叉处用对角构件将它们连接起来
柱状对角桁架筒：建筑物的外柱可以适当地安排间距，
 Bundled tube.
With the continuing need for larger and taller buildings, the framed tube or the col

in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency. The 110-story Sears

Chicago has nine tubes, bundled at the base of the building in three rows. Some of these individual tubes

building, demonstrating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept. The Sears

is the world's tallest building.

塔，高达 1450 英尺（ 442m ），是世界上最高的建筑物。 62

个的筒在建筑物的不同高度处结束，这一建筑物向人们展示了
有九个筒，在建筑物的基础部位开始捆邦并排成三行。有些单
框架筒或柱状对角桁架筒可以用捆扎的形式来建筑更大的筒套
结构。位于 Chicago 的 110 层的 Sears Roebuck 总部大楼就

这种近代建筑理念在建筑学上具有无比的应用前景。这座 Sears
捆扎筒：随着高大建筑的连续需要，当要维持高效率时，
 Stressed-skin tube system. The tube structural system was developed for improving the resistance to lat

and the control of drift (lateral building movement) in high-rise building. The stressed-skin tube takes the

development of the stressed- skin tube utilizes the facade （正面） of the building as a structural elem

（与…共同作用） the framed tube （框筒） , thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in

cost-effective （节省成本） column-free （不设柱子） interior space with a high ratio of net to gross f

使用面积与建筑面积之比很高的室内空间。 63
步发展。薄壳筒 体的进步是利用（高层）建筑的正面（墙或

载提供了一个有效的途径，而且可获得不设柱子、节省成本、
平位移的控制方法而提出来的。薄壳筒体系统是筒体系的进一
抗侧向压力（风力或地震）的能力和改进高层建筑物沉降和水
应务薄壳筒体系统：筒结构体系是针对提高（高层）建筑物抵

板）作为与框筒共同作用的结构构件，为高层建筑抵抗侧向荷
 大楼。
Because of the contribution of the stressed-skin facade, the framed members of the tube require less

expensive. All the typical columns and spandrel beams are standard rolled shapes, minimizing the us

The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reduced, and the need for upset bea

on （侵犯） valuable space, is minimized. The structural system has been used on the 54-story One

64
梁的深层次的需要量也减少了。对于侵占有用空间的地面下的
此较轻且较经济。所有典型的柱子和拱肩梁都是辊压成标准形

加压梁的需要量也达到了最小。这种结构体系已经用于了位于
状的，这使得特制构件的用量和成本最小化了。对于圆型拱肩

Pittsburgh （匹兹堡）的高达 54 层的 Mellon （梅隆）中心银行

由于应力薄壳正面的贡献，筒体的框架构件要求质量小，因
(20cm)
Systems in concrete.
While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start, development

progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive challenge to structural steel systems for b

Framed tube.
As discussed above, the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for t

Apartment Building. In this building, exterior columns were spaced at 5. 5-ft (1. 68-m) centers, and i

.
needed to support the 8-in. -thick (20-cm) flat-plate concrete slabs
寓楼的钢结构体系提出了严峻的挑战。

65
框架筒：如前所述，第一个用框架筒概念的高层建筑是

的间距是中对中 5.5 英尺 (1.68m) ，内层柱子用来支撑 8 英寸

43 层的 DeWitt Chestnut 公寓大楼。在这幢大楼中，外部柱子
土结构的高层建筑以非常快的速度发展，这向用于办公楼和公
混凝土体系：尽管钢结构的高层建筑起步早，但钢筋混凝
 Tube in tube. Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings combines the traditional she

•
framed tube. The system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an int

the central service area. The system (Fig. 2), known as the tube-in-tube system, made it possible to de

ft or 218 m) lightweight concrete building (the 52-story One Shell Plaza Building in Houston) for the

剪应力墙结构的 35 层楼的那么大。
structure of only 35 stories.
的世界上目前最高（ 714 英尺或 218 米）轻量级混凝土建筑
墙内筒组成。该体系被称为筒中筒体系（图 2 ），用之设计
间距很小的柱子构成的外框筒与围绕中心设备区的刚性剪力
剪力墙结构与一个外部的框架筒结构结合起来了。该体系由
筒中筒：另一个用于办公楼的钢筋混凝土体系结构将传统的

66
（ 52 层的 Houston 贝壳型商业广场大楼），其单价只有传统
 外框筒
剪力墙框筒

图 2 ：筒中筒体系略图 67
 Systems combining both concrete and steel have also been developed, an exam

基于这种体系的建筑物。
system developed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in which an exterior closely spaced

envelops an interior steel framing, thereby combining the advantages of both reinfo

steel systems. The 52-story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on th

68
体系中，外部的近间距的混凝土框架筒封装着一个内部的的钢
结合混凝土和钢结构的体系也已经得到了发展，一个范例就是
由 Skidmore, Owings 和 Merrill 共同提出的复合体系，在这个

52 层的新奥尔良 [ 法 ] （ New Orleans ）贝壳广场大楼就是

框架，因此它集成了钢筋混凝土结构体系和钢结构体系的优点。
 Lesson 5

Text

Environmental Engineering

环境工程
69
科.
Environmental engineering is a branch of engin-eering that is concerned with pollution by the str

and processes that are involved in hu-man activities. The development of civilization has caus-ed p

the Earth‘s ecosystem, resulting in pollution of the air, land, and water. It is the task of the environ

design sys-tems to assuage( 缓和 ) this pollution but also to educate people in protecting their su

pollution. The practice of ( 有…习惯 )environmental engineering is divided into various subdiscipline

程度上扰乱了地球的生态系统 , 造成了空气 , 土地和水资源的污

70
所产生的污染问题的一个工程分支 . 人类文明的发展已经在很大

染 . 环境工程的任务既要设计缓和这种污染的系统 , 又要教育人们
环境工程是关于由于建筑 , 机械 , 系统和人类活动所涉及的过程中

保护其环境以免受污染 . 习惯上可以将环境工程分成若干个分支学
 Water treatment and disposal. In many cases, rivers, lakes, and oceans have become poll

•
wastes from residential, commercial, and indus-trial sources. Many of these bodies of water h

of a movement in the 1970s to construct new wastewater treatment facilities and to improve o

and biological processes are used to remove the liquid from wastewater stream. It is this or

depletion ( 损耗 )of oxygen in rivers and lakes, with consequent anaerobic ( 缺氧性的 , 厌氧

kills and noxious odors.

成厌氧状态 , 导致水中鱼类死亡和产生有害的臭气 .
水净化处理 . 由于从居民地 , 商业地和工业地等污染源排放废

71
液 , 在许多情况下 , 江河湖海已经变成受污染状态 . 由于 1970

也可以用生物方法 . 因为这种有机物耗尽河水和湖水中的氧 , 造
体已经被再生使用 . 从废水流中除掉废液既可以用物理化学方法
年代建设新废水处理设施和改造旧废水处理设施的运动 , 许多水
The physical-chemical and biological processes remove an
abundance of the organic matter, along with floatable scum
( 浮渣 )and grease( 油脂 ) from the waste stream. Chemical
disinfection( 消毒 ) inactivates bacteria, viruses, and
proto-zoa( 原生物 ) in the waste stream. The physical and
chemi-cal processes used for removing solids from the
waste str-eam include screening （筛选） , sand and grit
separation, chemical coagulation （凝结） , and plain
sedimentation （沉淀） . Biological processes include
activated sludge （淤泥） , contact towers, and biological
discs.
用物理化学方法和生物方法从水流除掉富余的有机物 , 可漂流的
浮渣和油脂。化学消毒方法阻止了流水中细菌，病毒和原生物的
生成。用物理化学方法从流水中除去固体，包括粗细砂的分离、
筛选，化学凝结，沉淀和澄清。生物过程包括活化淤泥，接触塔
过滤，和生物花盘处理。 72
The application of these treatment processes to residential,
commercial, and industrial wastewaters has redu-ced the
pollutional load on many rivers, lakes, and har-bors. There do
remain, however, cases of large metropolitan( 大城市 ) areas
that have not complete their clean-up campaigns( 战役 ), and
in many other regions discharges of untreated mixtures of
sanitary ( 公共厕 所 ) wastes and stormwaters occur during
heavy ‘rains. These discharges emanate from( 发源于 ) large
conduits ( 管道 ) that carry both sanitary and storm wastes.

这些处理方法用于生活，商业和工业污水的处理，已经减轻了许
多河流，湖和港口的污染程度。但的确还有一些大城市案例，还
并没有完成其清洁战役，在许多其它地区，公共厕所污水和大雨
季节的涌水混和在一起，并没有进行处理，就排放。这些排放的
73
废水源于大管道既运送公共厕所污水，也排放雨季涌水。
The impurities that run off the land during a storm mix with the
sanitary wastes in the pipes, and the quantity of wastewater overtaxes
the carrying capacity of the conduits; a portion of this mixture flows
into the nearest body of water before it can reach the wastewater
treatment facility. It is usually too expensive to construct a whole
new set of separate sanitary conduits; however, some cities, like
Chicago, have begun to solve the problem by constructing a system
of deep underground tunnels that store the large quantities of
discharges during the storm, following which the wastewaters can be
bled into the treatment facilities at reasonable rates.

在暴雨季节涌出地面的杂质与下水管中共公厕所废水相混合 , 废
水量就超过了管道的运送能力 ; 一部分混合物在它能抵达废水处
理厂之前就流进了最近的水体 . 新建一整套分离厕所废水的管道
系统代价太高通常不能实现 ; 可是某些城市 , 象芝加哥 , 已经着手
解决这个问题 , 其方法是建造一个深部地下遂道来储存暴雨期间
的大量排出量 , 然后这些废水可以以合理的速度进入污水处理厂 74
Where wastewater must be discharged into lakes and dry streams, a hi-
gher level of treatment must be employed, including removal of nutrie-
nts( 有营养的 ) and colloidal( 胶状的 ) matter. Physical-chemical and bio-
logical treatment processes are employed as for wastewater treatment. In
addition, chemicals are introduced for precipitation( 沉淀 ) of nutrie-
nts, followed by coagulation( 凝结物 ) and filtration for removing solids
remaining after biological treatment; and in some cases granular ( 粒状
的 ) activated carbon( 活性碳 ) or membrane( 隔膜 ) filtration is used
for additional purification of the waste stream. This higher level of
treatm-ent is advisable because of the damage that any visual traces of
wastes can do to the appearance of the waters. In addition, the treatment
may combat the potential eutrophic( 富营养的 ) effect that the nutrients
phosphorus( 磷 ) and nitrogen( 氮 ) can have on the receiving waters.
何处将废水排进湖和干溪 , 较高级的水处理方法 , 包括富营养物和胶状物的清
除 , 都要认真考虑 . 对于水处理 , 彩物理化学方法和生物方法 . 此外 , 用化学药品
来沉淀富营养物 , 紧接着进行凝结和过滤以除掉生物处理之后剩余的固体 ; 而在
某些情况下 , 还要用粒状活性碳或者隔膜过滤方法对废水流进行进一步提纯 . 因
为可见的废水能损害水质 , 所以采用较高级的处理方法是可取的 . 另外 , 水处理 75
还要对抗能在回收水中存在的有营养的磷和氮的潜在的富营养作用 .
Where wastewater discharges into rivers from which
drinking water is taken downstream( 下游 ), special
attention is given not only to the removal of organic
matter from the wastes but also to the disinfection
processes that inactivate microorganisms( 微生物 ). Also
of concern are discharges of organic chemical
contaminants from industry or runoff from farm lands
along the river contaminated by pesticides( 杀虫剂 ) and
herbicides( 除草剂 ).
从废水排入江河处的下游取用饮水时 , 不仅要特别注
意从废水中清除有机物 , 而且要注意进行纯化微生物
的消毒处理 . 也要关注从工厂排出的有机化学污染物 ,
还要关注 , 由杀虫剂和除草剂所污染的河流所灌溉的
农田流出的排出物。 76
 The indirect reuse of wastewater that has been discharged into
rivers is common around the world, and it is acceptable as long as the
disch-arges are treated properly and contamination from organic
chemicals is avoided. Less acceptable is the direct reuse of wastewater
for porta-ble( 饮用 ) use, even after a high level of treatment. Of
most concern here is the possibility of outbreak of disease. However,
some nations, such as Israel, do practice, out of necessity, reuse by
storing wastewa-ters for long periods of time in maturation( 化脓 ,
成熟 ) ponds prior to chemical and physical treatment. It has become
quite common and
间接的重新利用已经排入河流中的废水在全世界都是普遍现象 ,
只要排放物得到了合适的处理面避免了有机化学物质的污染 , 这
种重新利用是可以接收的 . 不可接收的是直接将废水再用于饮用 ,
即使是经过高水平的处理之后 , 也不可以直接再用于饮用 . 这里
最关心的是爆发疾病的可能性 . 可是某些国家 , 象以色列 , 却这样
做了 ( 即直接再用了废水 ), 由于缺乏水 , 在进行化学物理处理之
前 , 先将废水在熟化池之中放很长一段时间 . 这样做已变得相当 77
普通而且可以接收 ,
acceptable, especially in drier climates, to reuse wastewater,
following a respectable level of treatment, for irrigation of crops and
for watering golf courses. In addition, certain communities such as
Naples, Florida, and Irvine, California, have constructed dual water
systems, using treated wastewater for outdoor residential and
commercial use and for fire fighting, while saving higher-quality
water for portable use. In other cases, large industries take waters
directly from rivers for the cooling of industrial processes.
尤其在干旱气候条件下 , 在经过值得信赖的高水平处理
之后 , 再用废水 , 可用于农作物的灌溉和高尔夫球场的
清洗 . 此外 , 一些社区如 : 佛罗里达州的那不勒斯市 ,
和加利福尼亚州的欧文市 , 已经建设了双水系统 , 将处
理后的废水用于住宅的户处用途 , 用于商业用途和消
防 , 而节约优质的饮用水 . 在其它例子中 , 大企业直接
从河流中取水用于工业过程的冷却 . 78
Wastewater solids treatment and disposal. The organic and
inorganic solids that are removed from wastewater by the physical-
chemical and biological processes must be dewatered( 脱水 ),
stabili-zed( 稳定 ) biologically or chemically, and then placed in a
controlled landfill, burned, or composted for return to the land. There
are some circumstances in which the solids do not have to be
dewatered but can be applied directly to the land, following
biological stabilization. There are also instances, such as in
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where the solids are processed into a
fertilizer.
废水中固体处理 . 从废水中除去的有机或无机的固体必须脱
水 , 再经生物或化学稳定过程 , 然后作可控制的垃圾掩埋 , 或燃
烧 , 或制成复合肥料给土地施肥 . 有些情况下 , 这些固体没有经
过脱水而是在生物稳定之后直接用于土地施肥 . 又如 , 在威斯康
星州的密尔沃基市 , 这种固体被加工成肥料 .

79
Unfortunately, in many parts of the world, including the
east coast of the United States, the waste solids are
neither reclaimed to the land nor burned as a source of
energy. They are barged or piped out to sea and then
dumped into the water. It is anticipated that this practice
will be discontinued, and incineration for energy
recovery along with composting for reuse on the land
will replace ocean dumping. Where the solids are
composted, heavy and toxic metals must be removed at
their source.
不幸地是 , 在世界上许多地方 , 包括美国东海岸 , 这种废固体
既没有回收到土地 , 也没有作为能源来燃烧 . 它们被用船或管
道运到大海上 , 然后倒入水中 . 期望这种做法将来会停止 , 作
为能源焚烧法和积肥料用于土地法将取代海洋倾倒法 . 在固
体积肥的地方 , 重毒金属必须在它们的来源地去掉 . 80
The processes employed for treating wastewater solids include dewa-
tering( 脱水 ) presses, belts( 皮带 ), and centrifuges( 离心分离机 ), as
well as fluid-bed furnaces( 流床熔炉 ). Another process that has
received considerable attention is in-vessel composting.
Refuse disposal( 垃圾处理 ). The indiscriminate dumping of trash
and garbage on land has caused serious pollution problems. Refuse disposal can
be controlled in-a well-designed and -operated landfill, and this can be a suitable
process for certain small communities. However, land for the disposal of refuse
for mid- and large- size communities is being seriously reduced, and composting
of refuse for reuse on the land may have limited application.
这些过程都要进行废水固体处理 , 包括脱水处理 , 皮带运送 , 离心
机分离 , 以及流床熔炉煅烧等过程 . 另一种方法已经引起高度重视 ,
那就是容器中制肥 .
垃圾处理 . 在地上不加选择地倾倒垃圾和废物已经引发了严重的
污染问题 . 垃圾处理能够在一种精心设计 , 精良操作的掩埋法完
成 , 在一定的小社区内 , 这是一种适当的处理方法 . 可是对于大中
型社区而言 , 用于垃圾处理的土地正在严重减少 , 垃圾堆制肥料再
施于土地的方法也因土地的减少而已经限制了其应用 . 81
The appropriate system for the majority of communities
appears to be incineration of the refuse, with recovery of
the energy from the burning of organic materials. The air
emission systems from these thermal reactors, as well as
from the furnaces that burn solids emanating from
wastewater plants, must be designed to prevent chemical
and particulate air pollution. These air emission systems
include electrostatic precipitators and afterburners.
对于大多数社区而言 , 适当的系统看来还是垃圾焚烧
法 , 从有机物的燃烧之中获得再生能量 . 来自于热反应
堆 , 以及来自于废水处理厂的燃烧固体的熔炉的空气
散发系统的设计中必须防止化学型和微粒型空气污染 .
这些空气散发系统包括静电沉淀器和喷射式加力燃烧
室等 . 82
Hazardous waste disposal. Unfortunately, countrysides and
groundwaters have become cluttered and polluted by long-term
illegal dumping and washings from industrial and commercial
activities, as well as from public agencies. The removal of stored
containers of wastes from the dumping grounds is necessarily a
slow process, and an approved disposal site must be developed and
contained. The cleaning of contaminated soils and groundwaters is
an even slower process and the technology for decontamination
must be properly designed and put into place.

有害废物处理 . 不幸地是 , 乡村和地下水已经变得混乱且因长

期来自于工商业以及来自于公共代理机构的非法倾倒和冲洗而
受污染 . 从倾倒场除去储存废物的容器一定是个缓慢的过程 ,
而这还一定包括一个经核准的处理场的开发 . 净化受污染的土
壤和地下水恰好是一个缓慢的过程 , 而净化的技术设计必须恰
当地进行和投入使用 .
83
For example, waters contaminated with organic chemicals are
slowly pumped from the aquifer( 含水土层 ), and then the
contaminants are removed either by air-stripping or adsorption onto
granular activated carbon. The cleansed water is injected back into
the aquifer, and this process can take years to accomplish. This can
be inconvenient and, in some cases, a danger to health for
communities that must use these groundwaters for their potable
water supply.

例如 , 受有机化学物质污染的水将慢慢地从含水土层中抽上来 ,
然后 , 这些污染物既可以用空气脱模方法除去 , 也可以吸附到粒
状的活性碳上的方法除去 . 纯净水再注入回到含水土层 , 这个过
程可能要花数年才能完成 . 在某些情况下 , 这极为不便 , 但必须
这样 , 因为社区人必须把这些地下水用作饮用水 , 所以不这样做
变会有害于社区人的健康 .

84
Air-pollution control. To the environment has been added
smoke from diesel-driven trucks( 倒装句 ), uncontrolled
gasoline engine emissions, and pollution from industrial
smokestacks. In the United States, statistics published by the
Environmental Protection Agency in 1987 revealed that 2.
4×109lb(l. l×109kg) of toxic chemicals are released into the
air annually, while 100 million people live where other air
pollutants, chiefly from automobiles, exceed federal
standards.
空气污染控制 . 来自柴油机驱动卡车 , 无控制的汽油机排放以及
工业烟窗等的烟已经加入到了这处环境之中 . 在 1987 年 , 由美国
环境保护机构发表的统计数据表明 , 每年有 2. 4×109lb(l. l×109kg)
有害的化学物质被排放进了空气之中 , 而有一亿人住在了还有其
它空气污染的地方 , 这种污染主要来自于废气排量超过联邦标准
的汽车 . 85
Local smog in metropolitan areas, such as Los Angeles,
is caused by the activities of the respective communities.
Acid rain caused by the emissions of gases from the
industrial smokestacks of the midwestern United States
fails on the forests and lakes of the Northeast and
Canada.
在大都市区域 , 如洛杉矶 , 上空的当地烟雾就是由各
个社区的行为所致 . 美国中西部的工业烟窗排放的气
体引起了酸雨 , 这给美国东北部和加拿大的湖泊和森
林造成了巨大损失 .

86
There have been attempts at cleaning up the air, but the action
toward solution has been limited. The technology is available (for
example, multiple-hearth and fluid-bed reactors along with
sophisticated air emissions technology) for removing the particulate
matter and the contaminating chemicals from the air emissions; but
the processes are expensive, and the progress is slow.
Potable management. The availability of drinking water that is safe
and of good quality is an important factor in modern civilization.
已经有了清洁空气的尝试 , 但这种解决方案一至受到了限制 . 从
空气排放中清除微粒物质和污染性化学物质的技术是可行的
( 例如 , 多层炉 , 流床反应堆和精心设计的空气排放等技术 ); 但
这种方法却非常昂贵 , 进展缓慢 .
饮料管理 .
使用安全而优质的饮用水是现代文明的一个重要标志 ( 因素 ).

87
Sources. Indirect use of wastewater by withdrawing drink-
ing water from rivers is a viable and economical way to
supply communities with potable water, especially those
located on waterfronts. The water must be disinfected( 消
毒 ) for the inactivation( 失活 , 钝化作用 ) of
microbiological pollutants, and physical and chemical
treatment must be provided for the removal of organic and
inorganic impurities.
水源 .
从河中抽取饮用水而间接地使用废水 , 尤其是在滨
水地区 , 是一种向社区供应饮用水的经济而可行的方
法 . 这种水必须经过消毒 , 必须让水中的微生物污染物
质失活 , 必须用物理化学方法除去其中的有机的和无机
的杂质 . 88
Other sources of drinking water are natural lakes and
impoundments of rivers. These are usually of better quality than
river waters, and they can be used for multiple purposes such as
water supply and hydroelectric power. Controlled recreational use
of sections of these lakes is not unusual.

其它饮用水源是天然湖水和用坝所围住的河水 . 这些通常比
河水具有更高水质 , 这些水可用作多种用途 , 如 : 供水系统和
水利电站 . 将这些湖的分段用于受控制的娱乐用途并不是不
平常的事情 .

89
 Underground aquifers are a common source of drinking
water, and their quality is very high, except where
chemical contamination has occurred. In some parts of the
world, aquifers can be recharged with reclaimed surface
waters.
A serious problem in many parts of the world is the
shortage of pure drinking water during periods of low
rainfall and snow.
地下含水土层是一种常见的饮用水源 , 而且除了发生
过化学污染之外 , 其水质都非常高 . 在世界上的某些地
方 , 含水土层还会用回收的地表水回灌 .
世界上许多地方的一个严
重的问题是在低雨少雪季节缺乏纯净的饮用水 .
90
A major drought occurred on the eastern seaboard of the
United Sates in the spring of 1989. There appear to be
two reasons for water shortages during droughts: Many
drinking-water supply systems have not been planned to
deal adequately with droughts, and water is wasted
because of its relatively low price.

一次大干旱于 1989 年发生在美国的东海岸地区 . 在干

旱期间缺水的原因似乎有二 : 其一是许多饮用水供应
系统不能按计划充分用来抗旱 , 其二是由于平常其水
价相对较低而浪费用水 .

91
Quality. It is prudent to select the purest water available
for drinking purposes. This can be underground water,
springs, or upland lakes. It then becomes imperative to
protect that source. Prevention of chemical contamination
of groundwaters is extremely important, as is the judicious
control of the use of the banks of a surface water. Lakes
can be used for recreation as well as for a water source;
however, such mixed use requires good planning.
质量 . 要谨慎地选择最纯净的水作为饮用水。这可能是地下水，
泉水，或是高源湖水。那么就须强制性地保护这些水源。保护
地下水使其免受化学污染极为重要，因为要明智地控制使用地
表水的堤岸。湖可以用作消遣以及水源；可是以这种混合方法
使用它则要进行周密的计划。

92
The purification of water supply is just as important as
watershed planning and control. Where the quality of the
source is decent to start with, chemical disinfection,
coagulation, and filtration is adequate. If water is being
taken from a river supply that is muddy and subject to
organic pollution, additional treatment is required. Great
strides were made in the 1980s in the development of
water purification technology.
供水系统的净化恰好和分水岭的计划和控制一样重要。
充分进行化学消毒，凝结和过滤后的水源质量是相当
好的。如果从泥泞而且受到了有机物污染的河中抽水，
那就还要进行一些附加的处理。在 1980‘S ，水净化
技术已经取得了跨跃式的进步。
93
Ozone has become the chemical disinfectant of choice
because it is the most potent disinfectant for bacteria,
viruses, and protozoa, and unlike chlorine, it does not
form carcinogenic by-products when there is organic
matter present in the water.

臭氧是一种上好的化学消毒剂 , 因为它对细菌 , 病毒
和原生动物都是最有效的消毒剂 . 而且与氯不同 , 当
水中存在有机物时 , 它不会形成致癌物 .

94
Economic in-line or direct filtration can be employed to
purify many upland supplies. Combined with ozone, this
process is adaptable to many unfiltered water supplies.
Granular activated carbon removes substances that form
tastes and odors from the waters, and it absorbs harmful
organic chemicals.
经济的在线或直接过滤技术能用来净化许多高地水源。
与臭氧相结合，这一过程能适用于许多未过滤的水源。
粒状活性碳可以从水中除去造成嗅味的物质，并能吸
收掉有害的有机化学物质。

95
The final barrier to contamination of the water supply is
careful management of the water distribution system.
Chemicals can be added to the purified water to offset
corrosive conditions in the system, thus greatly reducing
the leaching of lead from the joints of plumbing systems;
and the water pipes can be lined with cement mortar and
kept flushed to prevent dirty water.
水源污染的最后一道屏障是水系分布的经心管理。向
净化了的水中加入化学药剂，可以抵消掉水系中的腐
蚀性环境，因此大大减少给水管道系统接头处浸出的
铅；水管内衬水泥砂浆，保持水流通畅，以免产生脏
水。

96
Other aspects. Environmental engineering can be
applied to the solution of regional problems. Ponds and
lakes that become eutrophic and have massive algae
blooms cannot be used for recreation, and the water, if
used for drinking, may be noxious.
其它方面 . 环境工程可以用来解决一些区域性问题。
有大量旺盛的藻类而变得富营养的池塘和湖泊不能用
于娱乐，饮用其中的水，也是有害的。

97
These conditions can be prevented by trapping the runoff
of nutrients into the lakes and by aerating the lakes. The
indiscriminate, disposal of water into harbors and
consequent contamination of beaches can be prevented by
proper regulations and enforcement. Finally, better ways of
dealing with disposal of wastes on landscapes must be
developed.
这种环境可以用限制营养物流入湖中并给湖水中充气
的方法来加以保护。不加区别地对进入海港的水处理
和随海水而来的海滩污染的防治都能用适当的法律法
规来进行管理。最后，对风景区的废物处理的最佳方
法一定要开发出来。

98
 Lesson 5

Text

Environmental Engineering

环境工程
99
科.
Environmental engineering is a branch of engin-eering that is concerned with pollution by the str

and processes that are involved in hu-man activities. The development of civilization has caus-ed p

the Earth‘s ecosystem, resulting in pollution of the air, land, and water. It is the task of the environm

design sys-tems to assuage( 缓和 ) this pollution but also to educate people in protecting their surr

pollution. The practice of ( 有…习惯 )environmental engineering is divided into various subdisciplin

程度上扰乱了地球的生态系统 , 造成了空气 , 土地和水资源的污

100
所产生的污染问题的一个工程分支 . 人类文明的发展已经在很大

染 . 环境工程的任务既要设计缓和这种污染的系统 , 又要教育人们
环境工程是关于由于建筑 , 机械 , 系统和人类活动所涉及的过程中

保护其环境以免受污染 . 习惯上可以将环境工程分成若干个分支学
 Water treatment and disposal. In many cases, rivers, lakes, and oceans have become pol

•
wastes from residential, commercial, and indus-trial sources. Many of these bodies of water

because of a movement in the 1970s to construct new wastewater treatment facilities and to

physical-chemical and biological processes are used to remove from the liquid wastewater

matter that causes a depletion ( 损耗 )of oxygen in rivers and lakes, with consequent anaer

conditions leading to fish kills and noxious odors.

成厌氧状态 , 导致水中鱼类死亡和产生有害的臭气 .
水净化处理 . 由于从居民地 , 商业地和工业地等污染源排放废

101
液 , 在许多情况下 , 江河湖海已经变成受污染状态 . 由于 1970

也可以用生物方法 . 因为这种有机物耗尽河水和湖水中的氧 , 造
体已经被再生使用 . 从废水流中除掉废液既可以用物理化学方法
年代建设新废水处理设施和改造旧废水处理设施的运动 , 许多水
The physical-chemical and biological processes remove an
abundance of the organic matter, along with floatable scum
( 浮渣 )and grease( 油脂 ) from the waste stream. Chemical
disinfection( 消毒 ) inactivates bacteria, viruses, and
proto-zoa( 原生物 ) in the waste stream. The physical and
chemi-cal processes used for removing solids from the
waste str-eam include screening （筛选） , sand and grit
separation, chemical coagulation （凝结） , and plain
sedimentation （沉淀） . Biological processes include
activated sludge （淤泥） , contact towers, and biological
discs.
用物理化学方法和生物方法从水流除掉富余的有机物 , 可漂流的
浮渣和油脂。化学消毒方法阻止了流水中细菌，病毒和原生物的
生成。用物理化学方法从流水中除去固体，包括粗细砂的分离、
筛选，化学凝结，沉淀和澄清。生物过程包括活化淤泥，接触塔
过滤，和生物花盘处理。 102
The application of these treatment processes to reside-ntial,
commercial, and industrial wastewaters has redu-ced the
pollutional load on many rivers, lakes, and har-bors. There
do remain, however, cases of large metro-politan( 大城市 )
areas that have not complete their clean-up campaigns( 战
役 ), and in many other regions discharges of untreated
mixtures of sanitary ( 公共厕 所 ) wastes and stormwaters
occur during heavy ‘rains. These discharges emanate from
( 发源于 ) large con-duits( 管道 ) that carry both sanitary
and storm wastes.
这些处理方法用于生活，商业和工业污水的处理，已经减轻了许
多河流，湖和港口的污染程度。但的确还有一些大城市案例，还
并没有完成其清洁战役，在许多其它地区，公共厕所污水和大雨
季节的涌水混和在一起，并没有进行处理，就排放。这些排放的
废水源于大管道既运送公共厕所污水，也排放雨季涌水。 103
The impurities that run off the land during a storm mix with the
sanitary wastes in the pipes, and the quantity of wastewater overtaxes
the carrying capacity of the conduits; a portion of this mixture flows
into the nearest body of water before it can reach the wastewater
treatment facility. It is usually too expensive to construct a whole new
set of separate sanitary conduits; however, some cities, like Chicago,
have begun to solve the problem by constructing a system of deep
underground tunnels that store the large quantities of discharges
during the storm, following which the wastewaters can be bled into
the treatment facilities at reasonable rates.

在暴雨季节涌出地面的杂质与下水管中共公厕所废水相混合 , 废
水量就超过了管道的运送能力 ; 一部分混合物在它能抵达废水处
理厂之前就流进了最近的水体 . 新建一整套分离厕所废水的管道
系统代价太高通常不能实现 ; 可是某些城市 , 象芝加哥 , 已经着手
解决这个问题 , 其方法是建造一个深部地下遂道来储存暴雨期间
的大量排出量 , 然后这些废水可以以合理的速度进入污水处理厂 104
Where wastewater must be discharged into lakes and dry streams, a hi-
gher level of treatment must be employed, including removal of nutrie-
nts( 有营养的 ) and colloidal( 胶状的 ) matter. Physical-chemical and
bio-logical treatment processes are employed as for wastewater
treatment. In addition, chemicals are introduced for precipitation( 沉
淀 ) of nutrie-nts, followed by coagulation( 凝结物 ) and filtration for
removing solids remaining after biological treatment; and in some
cases granular ( 粒状的 ) activated carbon( 活性碳 ) or membrane( 隔
膜 ) filtration is used for additional purification of the waste stream.
This higher level of treatm-ent is advisable because of the damage that
any visual traces of wastes can do to the appearance of the waters. In
addition, the treatment may combat the potential eutrophic( 富营养的 )
effect that the nutrients phosphorus( 磷 ) and nitrogen( 氮 ) can have on
the receiving waters. , 较高级的水处理方法 , 包括富营养物和胶状物的清
何处将废水排进湖和干溪
除 , 都要认真考虑 . 对于水处理 , 彩物理化学方法和生物方法 . 此外 , 用化学药
品来沉淀富营养物 , 紧接着进行凝结和过滤以除掉生物处理之后剩余的固体 ; 而
在某些情况下 , 还要用粒状活性碳或者隔膜过滤方法对废水流进行进一步提纯 .
因为可见的废水能损害水质 , 所以采用较高级的处理方法是可取的 . 另外 , 105 水处
理还要对抗能在回收水中存在的有营养的磷和氮的潜在的富营养作用 .
Where wastewater discharges into rivers from which
drinking water is taken downstream( 下游 ), special
attention is given not only to the removal of organic
matter from the wastes but also to the disinfection
processes that inactivate microorganisms( 微生物 ). Also
of concern are discharges of organic chemical
contaminants from industry or runoff from farm lands
along the river contaminated by pesticides( 杀虫剂 ) and
herbicides( 除草剂 ).
从废水排入江河处的下游取用饮水时 , 不仅要特别注
意从废水中清除有机物 , 而且要注意进行纯化微生物
的消毒处理 . 也要关注从工厂排出的有机化学污染物 ,
还要关注 , 沿杀虫剂和除草剂所污染的河流所灌溉的
农田流出的排出物。 106
 The indirect reuse of wastewater that has been discharged into
rivers is common around the world, and it is acceptable as long as the
disch-arges are treated properly and contamination from organic
chemicals is avoided. Less acceptable is the direct reuse of wastewater
for pota-ble( 饮用 ) use, even after a high level of treatment. Of most
concern here is the possibility of outbreak of disease. However, some
nations, such as Israel, do practice, out of necessity, reuse by storing
wastewa-ters for long periods of time in maturation( 化脓 , 成熟 )
ponds prior to chemical and physical treatment. It has become quite
common and
间接的重新利用已经排入河流中的废水在全世界都是普遍现象 ,
只要排放物得到了合适的处理面避免了有机化学物质的污染 , 这
种重新利用是可以接收的 . 不可接收的是直接将废水再用于饮用 ,
即使是经过高水平的处理之后 , 也不可以直接再用于饮用 . 这里
最关心的是爆发疾病的可能性 . 可是某些国家 , 象以色列 , 却这样
做了 ( 即直接再用了废水 ), 由于缺乏水 , 在进行化学物理处理之
前 , 先将废水在熟化池之中放很长一段时间 . 这样做已变得相当 107
普通而且可以接收 ,
acceptable, especially in drier climates, to reuse wastewater,
following a respectable level of treatment, for irrigation of crops and
for watering golf courses. In addition, certain communities such as
Naples, Florida, and Irvine, California, have constructed dual water
systems, using treated wastewater for outdoor residential and
commercial use and for fire fighting, while saving higher-quality
water for portable use. In other cases, large industries take waters
directly from rivers for the cooling of industrial processes.
尤其在干旱气候条件下 , 在经过值得信赖的高水平处理
之后 , 再用废水 , 可用于农作物的灌溉和高尔夫球场的
清洗 . 此外 , 一些社区如 : 佛罗里达州的那不勒斯市 ,
和加利福尼亚州的欧文市 , 已经建设了双水系统 , 将处
理后的废水用于住宅的户处用途 , 用于商业用途和消
防 , 而节约优质的饮用水 . 在其它例子中 , 大企业直接
从河流中取水用于工业过程的冷却 . 108
Wastewater solids treatment and disposal. The organic and
inorganic solids that are removed from wastewater by the physical-
chemical and biological processes must be dewatered( 脱水 ),
stabili-zed( 稳定 ) biologically or chemically, and then placed in a
controlled landfill, burned, or composted for return to the land. There
are some circumstances in which the solids do not have to be
dewatered but can be applied directly to the land, following
biological stabilization. There are also instances, such as in
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where the solids are processed into a
fertilizer.
废水中固体处理 . 从废水中除去的有机或无机的固体必须脱
水 , 再经生物或化学稳定过程 , 然后作可控制的垃圾掩埋 , 或燃
烧 , 或制成复合肥料给土地施肥 . 有些情况下 , 这些固体没有经
过脱水而是在生物稳定之后直接用于土地施肥 . 又如 , 在威斯康
星州的密尔沃基市 , 这种固体被加工成肥料 .

109
Unfortunately, in many parts of the world, including the
east coast of the United States, the waste solids are
neither reclaimed to the land nor burned as a source of
energy. They are barged or piped out to sea and then
dumped into the water. It is anticipated that this practice
will be discontinued, and incineration for energy
recovery along with composting for reuse on the land
will replace ocean dumping. Where the solids are
composted, heavy and toxic metals must be removed at
their source.
不幸地是 , 在世界上许多地方 , 包括美国东海岸 , 这种废固体
既没有回收到土地 , 也没有作为能源来燃烧 . 它们被用船或管
道运到大海上 , 然后倒入水中 . 期望这种做法将来会停止 , 作
为能源焚烧法和积肥料用于土地法将取代海洋倾倒法 . 在固
体积肥的地方 , 重毒金属必须在它们的来源地去掉 . 110
The processes employed for treating wastewater solids include dewa-
tering( 脱水 ) presses, belts( 皮带 ), and centrifuges( 离心分离机 ), as
well as fluid-bed furnaces( 流床熔炉 ). Another process that has
received considerable attention is in-vessel composting.
Refuse disposal( 垃圾处理 ). The indiscriminate dumping of trash
and garbage on land has caused serious pollution problems. Refuse disposal can
be controlled in-a well-designed and -operated landfill, and this can be a suitable
process for certain small communities. However, land for the disposal of refuse
for mid- and large- size communities is being seriously reduced, and composting
of refuse for reuse on the land may have limited application.
这些过程都要进行废水固体处理 , 包括脱水处理 , 皮带运送 , 离心
机分离 , 以及流床熔炉煅烧等过程 . 另一种方法已经引起高度重视 ,
那就是容器中制肥 .
垃圾处理 . 在地上不加选择地倾倒垃圾和废物已经引发了严重的
污染问题 . 垃圾处理能够在一种精心设计 , 精良操作的掩埋法完
成 , 在一定的小社区内 , 这是一种适当的处理方法 . 可是对于大中
型社区而言 , 用于垃圾处理的土地正在严重减少 , 垃圾堆制肥料再
施于土地的方法也因土地的减少而已经限制了其应用 . 111
The appropriate system for the majority of communities
appears to be incineration of the refuse, with recovery of
the energy from the burning of organic materials. The air
emission systems from these thermal reactors, as well as
from the furnaces that burn solids emanating from
wastewater plants, must be designed to prevent chemical
and particulate air pollution. These air emission systems
include electrostatic precipitators and afterburners.
对于大多数社区而言 , 适当的系统看来还是垃圾焚烧
法 , 从有机物的燃烧之中获得再生能量 . 来自于热反应
堆 , 以及来自于废水处理厂的燃烧固体的熔炉的空气
散发系统的设计中必须防止化学型和微粒型空气污染 .
这些空气散发系统包括静电沉淀器和喷射式加力燃烧
室等 . 112
Hazardous waste disposal. Unfortunately, countrysides and
groundwaters have become cluttered and polluted by long-term
illegal dumping and washings from industrial and commercial
activities, as well as from public agencies. The removal of stored
containers of wastes from the dumping grounds is necessarily a
slow process, and an approved disposal site must be developed and
contained. The cleaning of contaminated soils and groundwaters is
an even slower process and the technology for decontamination
must be properly designed and put into place.

有害废物处理 . 不幸地是 , 乡村和地下水已经变得混乱且因长

期来自于工商业以及来自于公共代理机构的非法倾倒和冲洗而
受污染 . 从倾倒场除去储存废物的容器一定是个缓慢的过程 ,
而这还一定包括一个经核准的处理场的开发 . 净化受污染的土
壤和地下水恰好是一个缓慢的过程 , 而净化的技术设计必须恰
当地进行和投入使用 .
113
For example, waters contaminated with organic chemicals are
slowly pumped from the aquifer( 含水土层 ), and then the
contaminants are removed either by air-stripping or adsorption onto
granular activated carbon. The cleansed water is injected back into
the aquifer, and this process can take years to accomplish. This can
be inconvenient and, in some cases, a danger to health for
communities that must use these groundwaters for their potable
water supply.

例如 , 受有机化学物质污染的水将慢慢地从含水土层中抽上来 ,
然后 , 这些污染物既可以用空气脱模方法除去 , 也可以吸附到粒
状的活性碳上的方法除去 . 纯净水再注入回到含水土层 , 这个过
程可能要花数年才能完成 . 在某些情况下 , 这极为不便 , 但必须
这样 , 因为社区人必须把这些地下水用作饮用水 , 所以不这样做
变会有害于社区人的健康 .

114
Air-pollution control. To the environment has been added
smoke from diesel-driven trucks( 倒装句 ), uncontrolled
gasoline engine emissions, and pollution from industrial
smokestacks. In the United States, statistics published by the
Environmental Protection Agency in 1987 revealed that 2.
4×109lb(l. l×109kg) of toxic chemicals are released into the
air annually, while 100 million people live where other air
pollutants, chiefly from automobiles, exceed federal
standards.
空气污染控制 . 来自柴油机驱动卡车 , 无控制的汽油机排放以及
工业烟窗等的烟已经加入到了这处环境之中 . 在 1987 年 , 由美国
环境保护机构发表的统计数据表明 , 每年有 2. 4×109lb(l. l×109kg)
有害的化学物质被排放进了空气之中 , 而有一亿人住在了还有其
它空气污染的地方 , 这种污染主要来自于废气排量超过联邦标准
的汽车 . 115
Local smog in metropolitan areas, such as Los Angeles,
is caused by the activities of the respective communities.
Acid rain caused by the emissions of gases from the
industrial smokestacks of the midwestern United States
fails on the forests and lakes of the Northeast and
Canada.
在大都市区域 , 如洛杉矶 , 上空的当地烟雾就是由各
个社区的行为所致 . 美国中西部的工业烟窗排放的气
体引起了酸雨 , 这给美国东北部和加拿大的湖泊和森
林造成了巨大损失 .

116
There have been attempts at cleaning up the air, but the action
toward solution has been limited. The technology is available (for
example, multiple-hearth and fluid-bed reactors along with
sophisticated air emissions technology) for removing the particulate
matter and the contaminating chemicals from the air emissions; but
the processes are expensive, and the progress is slow.
Potable management. The availability of drinking water that is safe
and of good quality is an important factor in modern civilization.
已经有了清洁空气的尝试 , 但这种解决方案一至受到了限制 . 从
空气排放中清除微粒物质和污染性化学物质的技术是可行的
( 例如 , 多层炉 , 流床反应堆和精心设计的空气排放等技术 ); 但
这种方法却非常昂贵 , 进展缓慢 .
饮料管理 .
使用安全而优质的饮用水是现代文明的一个重要标志 ( 因素 ).

117
Sources. Indirect use of wastewater by withdrawing drink-
ing water from rivers is a viable and economical way to
supply communities with potable water, especially those
located on waterfronts. The water must be disinfected( 消
毒 ) for the inactivation( 失活 , 钝化作用 ) of
microbiological pollutants, and physical and chemical
treatment must be provided for the removal of organic and
inorganic impurities.
水源 .
从河中抽取饮用水而间接地使用废水 , 尤其是在滨
水地区 , 是一种向社区供应饮用水的经济而可行的方
法 . 这种水必须经过消毒 , 必须让水中的微生物污染物
质失活 , 必须用物理化学方法除去其中的有机的和无机
的杂质 . 118
Other sources of drinking water are natural lakes and
impoundments of rivers. These are usually of better quality than
river waters, and they can be used for multiple purposes such as
water supply and hydroelectric power. Controlled recreational use
of sections of these lakes is not unusual.

其它饮用水源是天然湖水和用坝所围住的河水 . 这些通常比
河水具有更高水质 , 这些水可用作多种用途 , 如 : 供水系统和
水利电站 . 将这些湖的分段用于受控制的娱乐用途并不是不
平常的事情 .

119
 Underground aquifers are a common source of drinking
water, and their quality is very high, except where
chemical contamination has occurred. In some parts of the
world, aquifers can be recharged with reclaimed surface
waters.
A serious problem in many parts of the world is the
shortage of pure drinking water during periods of low
rainfall and snow.
地下含水土层是一种常见的饮用水源 , 而且除了发生
过化学污染之外 , 其水质都非常高 . 在世界上的某些地
方 , 含水土层还会用回收的地表水回灌 .
世界上许多地方的一个严
重的问题是在低雨少雪季节缺乏纯净的饮用水 .
120
A major drought occurred on the eastern seaboard of the
United Sates in the spring of 1989. There appear to be
two reasons for water shortages during droughts: Many
drinking-water supply systems have not been planned to
deal adequately with droughts, and water is wasted
because of its relatively low price.

一次大干旱于 1989 年发生在美国的东海岸地区 . 在干

旱期间缺水的原因似乎有二 : 其一是许多饮用水供应
系统不能按计划充分用来抗旱 , 其二是由于平常其水
价相对较低而浪费用水 .

121
Quality. It is prudent to select the purest water available
for drinking purposes. This can be underground water,
springs, or upland lakes. It then becomes imperative to
protect that source. Prevention of chemical contamination
of groundwaters is extremely important, as is the judicious
control of the use of the banks of a surface water. Lakes
can be used for recreation as well as for a water source;
however, such mixed use requires good planning.
质量 . 要谨慎地选择最纯净的水作为饮用水。这可能是地下水，
泉水，或是高源湖水。那么就须强制性地保护这些水源。保护
地下水使其免受化学污染极为重要，因为要明智地控制使用地
表水的堤岸。湖可以用作消遣以及水源；可是以这种混合方法
使用它则要进行周密的计划。

122
The purification of water supply is just as important as
watershed planning and control. Where the quality of the
source is decent to start with, chemical disinfection,
coagulation, and filtration is adequate. If water is being
taken from a river supply that is muddy and subject to
organic pollution, additional treatment is required. Great
strides were made in the 1980s in the development of
water purification technology.
供水系统的净化恰好和分水岭的计划和控制一样重要。
充分进行化学消毒，凝结和过滤后的水源质量是相当
好的。如果从泥泞而且受到了有机物污染的河中抽水，
那就还要进行一些附加的处理。在 1980‘S ，水净化
技术已经取得了跨跃式的进步。
123
Ozone has become the chemical disinfectant of choice
because it is the most potent disinfectant for bacteria,
viruses, and protozoa, and unlike chlorine, it does not
form carcinogenic by-products when there is organic
matter present in the water.

臭氧是一种上好的化学消毒剂 , 因为它对细菌 , 病毒
和原生动物都是最有效的消毒剂 . 而且与氯不同 , 当
水中存在有机物时 , 它不会形成致癌物 .

124
Economic in-line or direct filtration can be employed to
purify many upland supplies. Combined with ozone, this
process is adaptable to many unfiltered water supplies.
Granular activated carbon removes substances that form
tastes and odors from the waters, and it absorbs harmful
organic chemicals.
经济的在线或直接过滤技术能用来净化许多高地水源。
与臭氧相结合，这一过程能适用于许多未过滤的水源。
粒状活性碳可以从水中除去造成嗅味的物质，并能吸
收掉有害的有机化学物质。

125
The final barrier to contamination of the water supply is
careful management of the water distribution system.
Chemicals can be added to the purified water to offset
corrosive conditions in the system, thus greatly reducing
the leaching of lead from the joints of plumbing systems;
and the water pipes can be lined with cement mortar and
kept flushed to prevent dirty water.
水源污染的最后一道屏障是水系分布的经心管理。向
净化了的水中加入化学药剂，可以抵消掉水系中的腐
蚀性环境，因此大大减少给水管道系统接头处浸出的
铅；水管内衬水泥砂浆，保持水流通畅，以免产生脏
水。

126
学习总结

 经常不断地学习 , 你就什么都知道。你知道得越多 , 你就越有力

 Study Constantly, And You Will Know Everything. The More

You Know, The More Powerful You Will Be

127
结束语
当你尽了自己的最大努力时，失败也是伟大的，
所以不要放弃，坚持就是正确的。
When You Do Your Best, Failure Is Great, So Don'T Give Up, Stick To The
End

演讲人： XXXXXX 时 间： XX 年 XX 月 XX 日

128