Vectors and

Matrices:
Matrices
Slides by Shomere Garnett
 Content
• Definition
• Addition and Subtraction
• Scalar Multiplications
• Matrix Multiplications
 Matrix
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or letters consisting of rows and
columns enclosed by brackets and denoted by a capital letter.
• The order of a matrix is the number of row times the number of columns
(row by column or row column).
• Each number or letter is called an element of the matrix
𝐴=
( 2
4
−3
0 ) F= 3
4 ( )
𝐵=
( 2
3
4
1
3
0 ) G= ( −2 1)

C =( 7 ) E= 5
0 ( 0
4 )
D=
( 0
0
0
0 ) I=
( 1
0
0
1 )
 Addition and
Subtraction of Matrices
 Addition or Subtraction
Matrices of the same order can be added or subtracted, by simply
commuting the corresponding elements.
Example:
,
A + B (possible)
A + C (not possible)
 Addition of Matrices
Note:
The addition of matrices is commutative and associative.
Example:
If , and and

Determine:
(a) A+ B
(b) A+ B + C
(c) A – B
(d)
Scalar Multiplication of
Matrices
 Scalar Multiplication

Consider 3A where is 3 scalar constant.

To solve, each element in the matrix is multiplied by the scalar quantity (or
constant).
Example:
If , and evaluate:
(i) 3P – Q
(ii)
 Exercise (Addition & Scalar Multiplication):
If , and

Determine:
(a)P + Q
(b)P + Q + Y
(c)P – Y
(d)
(e)
(f)
Matrix Multiplication
 Matrix Multiplication
Multiplying matrices is done by taking the sum of the products of row by column.
Note: the no. of columns in the first matrix MUST match no. of rows in second.
Given
and
 Matrix Multiplication
Note: the multiplication of matrices is non-commutative but is associative.
Example 1:
If , and determine:
(a)
(b)
Example 2:
If , and evaluate AB:
Exercise (Multiplication of Matrices):
1. If , and

Determine:
(a) AB
(b) BA
(c) AC

2. If ,

Evaluate:
(a)
(b)PQ
(c)
(d) 2PQ
END OF SESSION
 References
• Toolsie, R. (2004). Mathematics A Complete Course With CXC Questions:
Volume Two. Caribbean Educational Publishers LTD: Gulf view, Trinidad.
 Matrices
Determinant, Inverse Matrix and Problem Solving
 Determinant of a 2x2 Matrix
The determinant of a 2x2 matrix is calculated as:

Consider

The determinant of A is:

 Determinant of a 2x2 Matrix
A singular matrix is a matrix whose, determinant is equal to zero (Example:
=0).
Otherwise, if the determinant is not equal to zero then it is a non-singular
matrix (Example: 0).
Example 1:
Evaluate the determinant and state, whether the matrix is singular or non-singular for the following:
(a)
(b)
Example 2:
 Inverse of a 2x2 Matrices
Note: Only non-singular matrix will have an inverse.

Consider

The inverse of the matrix of A, , is:

determinant
adjoint
Example:
Determine the inverse of each of the following 2x2 matrices:
1.
Exercise (Inverse of a Matrix):
1. Determine the inverse of each of the following 2x2 matrices:
a)

2. If , prove that
Solving Simultaneous
Equation
Matrix Method
Example:
Using the matrix method, solve the pair of simultaneous equations:

The equation can be written in the form of a matrix equation as follows:

Therefore :
Example 2:
Using the matrix method, solve the pair of simultaneous equations:
 Exercise (Solving Simultaneous equations: Matrix Method) :
Using the matrix method, solve the pair of simultaneous equations:
1.

2.
END OF SESSION
 References
• Toolsie, R. (2004). Mathematics A Complete Course With CXC Questions:
Volume Two. Caribbean Educational Publishers LTD: Gulf view, Trinidad.
• CXC.(2016). Caribbean Secondary Examination Certificate(CSEC) Mathematics
Paper 02- General Proficiency. Retrieved form:
https://www.csecmathtutor.com/past-papers.html