CSE211

Computer Organization and

Design

Lecture : 3 Tutorial: 1 Practical: 0 Credit: 4

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Unit 1 : Basics of Digital Electronics

Introduction
Logic Gates
Flip Flops
Decoder
Encoder
Multiplexers
Demultiplexer
Registers

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 Half Adder
• A combinational circuit that performs the arithmetic addition of two bits is
called a half-adder.
• Two input variables used.
• The output variables are Sum and Carry.
• The variable S represents the least significant bit of the sum.
• The C output is 0 unless both the inputs are 1.

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Half Adder

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 Full Adder
• A combinational circuit that performs the arithmetic addition of three bits
is called a full-adder.
• Two half-adders are needed to implement a full-adder.
• Three input variables used.
• The output variables are Sum and Carry.
• The variable S represents the least significant bit of the sum.
• The binary variable C gives the output carry.

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 Full Adder

S=A⊕B⊕Cin

C=AB+ACin+BCin

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 Decoder
• The combinational circuit that change the
binary information into 2N output lines is
known as Decoders.

used in code
conversions like binary
to decimal

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 Encoder
• Uses of Encoders –
• Encoders are very common electronic circuits
used in all digital systems.
• Encoders are used to translate the decimal
values to the binary in order to perform the
binary functions such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, etc.

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 Applications of multiplexer

• Data Routing
• Parallel to Serial Conversion
• Logic Function Generation

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A Demultiplexer, sometimes abbreviated DMUX is a circuit that has
one input and more than one output. It is used when a circuit wishes
to send a signal to one of many devices

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Difference between of Multiplexer and Demultiplexer :

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 Register.
• A group of flip-flop is known as a Register.
• It increase the storage capacity in terms of
number of bits.
• 1 bit= 1 FF.
• n-bit register =n number of flip-flop and it is
capable of storing an n-bit word.

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 Concept of Serial Load/ Parallel load

• Serial load means to load the flip-flop of a

register one bit at a time.
• Parallel load means to load all flip-flops of a
register at one time.

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• There are two common types of registers:
1. Parallel load Register
2. Shift Register.

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 1. Parallel load Register
• parallel if all the bits of the register are loaded at
the same time using a common clock pulse.
• When a clock edge is applied to the register’s C
input, all four inputs are loaded in parallel.

• The transfer of data from the information inputs

or the outputs of the register is done at the same
time with all four bits in response to a clock
edge.
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 When the load input is 1 , the
data in the four inputs are
transferred into the register with
the next positive transition of a
clock pulse

When the load input is 0, the

data inputs are inhibited and the D-
output of flip flop are connected to
their inputs.

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 2. Shift Registers
• Used to implement arithmetic operations

• Within a register, data can transfer from one

flip-flop to another. Such register is called shift
register.

• each CLK PULSE shift register content by one

bit to the 'right' or 'left'.
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• Shift registers are basically of 4 types. These
are:
1. Serial In Serial Out (SISO)
2. Serial-In Parallel-Out (SIPO)
3. Parallel-In Serial-Out (PISO)
4. Parallel-In Parallel-Out (PIPO)

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 Concept behind clocks in SISO
• i/p 1111 ->Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 (initially all 0 0 0 0)
• At Clk 1->1 0 0 0
• At Clk 2->1 1 0 0
• At Clk 3->1 1 1 0
• At Clk 4->1 1 1 1
• (it is  right shift of SISO)

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