Analytic Geometry

FOR BOARD EXAM PURPOSES

What is Analytic Geometry?

 The study of geometric properties by means of algebraic

operations upon symbols defined in terms of a coordinate
system —called also coordinate geometry.
 IF THIS IS YOUR FIRST
Rectangular TIME HEARING
THIS……. YOU’RE
Coordinate system SCREWED!
 Definitions

 Rectangular co-ordinate system is also called as a Cartesian

coordinate system. It is a coordinate system that defines every point
differently in a plane by the pair of numerical coordinates.
 X-axis – the horizontal axis
 Y –axis – the vertical axis
 Ordered pair: identifies the location of a point on the rectangular
coordinate system (x coordinate, y coordinate) ; (abscissa ,
ordinate)
 Origin: (0,0) – intersection of the x and y axis
 Quadrant: a section of the rectangular coordinate system
 MOST DEFINITELY
Equations of GOING TO APPEAR
Straight Lines ON YOUR EXAMS!
Definition

 When geometry was first formalized by Euclid in the

Elements, he defined a general line (straight or curved) to be
"breadth less length" with a straight line being a line "which
lies evenly with the points on itself".
 Slope of the line

 Slope is a measure of Steepness.

 Sometimes referred to as the “rate of change”
between 2 points.
 Represented by the letter “m”.

 Types are:
 Positive
 Negative
 Zero
 Undefined
Finding the Slope using the angle of the line.
Forms of Straight line equations

 Slope-Intercept Form of a Straight Line

 “b” is the y-intercept
 Point-Slope Form of a Straight Line
 General Form of a Straight Line
 “A”, “B” and “C” are just parameters.

 Slope “m” is also known as “rise/run”

 “Θ” is the included angle of the line with an axis.
tan Θ= m
Determine if an ordered pair is a solution

 A solution set is defined as: all coordinates that would satisfy

the equation. A solution is a coordinate belonging to the set.
 Substitute the pair to the equation and check to see if the
statement is true.
 Example: Is (0, 12) a solution of 3x – y = 12?
 3(0) – (12) = 12 0 – 12 = 12 ; No, therefore (0,12) is not a solution
 Distance Between Two Points

 The distance d between any two points with the coordinates (x1,y1) and (x2,y2)
is given by the equation
 Example:
 Find the distance between the points at (2,3) and (-4,6)

 Answer = 6.71
Midpoint Formula

 Used to find the center of a line segment.

 Given by the equation
 Example:
 Find the midpoint between A(4,8) and B(1,12)

 Midpoint = (5/2 , 10)

 Angles Between 2 Lines

 Given by the equation

 Find the angle between the lines 2x – y + 1 = 0 and 2x + y - 3
= 0.
 ;

 Θ=38.66 degrees
 Parallel Lines

 Remember, Parallel lines have the same slope.

 Basically, you will need an equation of a line and a coordinate that is a
solution of a line parallel to the line equation given.
 Example
 Find the equation of the line parallel to y=3x+6 passing through (-1,9).
 y=mx+b ; 9=3(-1)+b ; 12=b
 Answer: y=3x+12
 Perpendicular Lines

 Lines that intersect at right angles are called perpendicular lines. The
slopes of these lines are opposite reciprocals (negative reciprocals).
 y=2x+1 ; y=(-1/2) + 1
 Basically, you will need an equation of a line and a coordinate that is a
solution of a line parallel to the line equation given.
 Example
 Find the equation of the line that contains (2, -3) and is perpendicular to
 m=2 ; y+3=2(x-2) use point-slope form for ease
Conics
MAYBE 1 OR 2 OF THESE WILL APPEAR! BUT EACH HAVE
HIGH POINTS!
What’s a Conic?

 A conic section is the intersection of a plane and a cone.

Equation of Conics

 Conic sections have a general formula where either A or C

must be nonzero.
Equation of Conics
 Conics Terms

 Directrix, a straight reference line to describe

a curve.
 Eccentricity, “e” is the constant ratio of the
distance from a point to the focus and the
distance from that point to the directrix.
 Focus, it is the point whose distance from a
point on the conic makes a constant ratio with
the distance between that point and the
directrix.
 Finding the Eccentricity of a Conic Section

 e= c/a
 Circle, easy enough e=0
 Parabola, it’s just e=1
 Ellipse, ; 0<c<a
 Hyperbola, ,
Determining Type of Conic Section

 To recognize the type of conic section, we may need to transform the

equation.
 (a)
Determining Type of Conic Section

 (b)
Determining Type of Conic Section

 (c)
Determining Type of Conic Section

 (d)
Thank you for Listening!
AND IF YOU REALLY DID....... YOU’LL GET A PERFECT
SCORE!
........ WELL AT LEAST IN ANALYTIC GEOMETRY!