GRAMMATICAL

CATEGORIES
 In linguistics, a
grammatical category
or grammatical feature
is a property of items
within the grammar of
a language. Within
each category there are
two or more possible
values, which are
normally mutually
exclusive.
1. NOUNS
NOUNS -
Nouns are simply the names we
give to everything around us,
whether it be a person, an event, a
place or an object, etc. Every
particular name used to define
something is a noun.
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CLASSES
OF
NOUNS
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1. Abstract Nouns.
2. Common Noun.
3. Collective Nouns.
4. Compound Nouns.
5. Possessive Nouns.
6. Proper Nouns.
7. Singular Nouns.
8. Plural Nouns
1. ABSTRACT NOUNS -

These nouns are the names of things

that we cannot perceive through our
five senses of touching, smelling,
seeing, hearing and tasting. These
nouns can also refer to medical
conditions related to the mind and
are also used to express thoughts.
Examples: 12

1. She screamed with great delight.

(Delight is an abstract noun as it tells about the state of a

person's mind and any actual physical thing.)

2. His bravery in the war won him a medal.

(The abstract noun bravery is used to name the motivation

behind certain actions made by people.)
2. COMMON NOUNS -

These are the nouns that are used to

denote a general category of people,
places or things. They are capitalized
only when they are at the beginning of a
sentence. Common Nouns don't refer to
something specific rather they are a
general term used for every noun of a
particular kind or type.
Examples: 14

1. The boys went to play cricket.

(Both boys and cricket are common nouns as they can refer to
any boy or match. There is nothing specified by these nouns.)
or any cricket

2. This neighborhood is one of the best in the area.

(Here neighborhood is the common noun as there are

innumerable neighborhoods all over the world.)
3. COLLECTIVE NOUNS -

Collective nouns are endless and these are

just a list of those used more often. As you
continue to work on improving your
English, you will stumble across many
more. Be sure to add them to your list and
use them as frequently as you can.
Examples: 16

1. He had a bunch of keys on his belt.

2. The audience began clapping and cheering.

3. She came here with a bouquet of flowers.

4. COMPOUND NOUNS -

A compound noun is a compound word

that functions as a noun. The first part
typically states the type or purpose, and
the second part states who or what is
being named.
 There are three types of compound
nouns:
• closed compound nouns,
• hyphenated compound nouns,
• and open compound nouns.

Closed Compound Noun - Many compound nouns are closed,

meaning that there is no space or hyphen between the two parts.

Hyphenated Compound Noun - Certain compound nouns can also

be in hyphenated form.
Open Compound Noun - You'll also find compound nouns in open
form with a space between the words.
Closed Compound Noun Examples: 19

1. The lighthouse directs ships away from the rocks.

2. Watch the butterfly on the flower over there.

Hyphenated Compound Noun Examples:

1. Janice works out so much that she has a six-pack.

2. Give a balloon to the five-year-old in line.

Open Compound Noun Examples:

1. Can we stop by the post office later today.

2. Please trim the apple tree before you leave.

5. POSSESSIVE NOUNS -

A noun is possessive only

when a phrase can be
modified to say that an idea or
commodity belongs to
something or someone.
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Examples:

1. The boy's coat.

2. Jaime's feet.
6. PROPER NOUNS -

A proper noun is a noun that serves

as the name for a specific place,
person, or thing. To distinguish
them from common nouns, proper
nouns are always capitalized in
English.
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Examples:

1. Jackson
2. Disneyland
3. Saturday
4. Google
5. "Baby Shark"
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Examples:

1. Mount Everest is the highest mountain in

the world.
2. Maya loves to swim early in the morning.
3. Miami is one of the lovely visiting cities
to enjoy.
4. Robin is playing chess with his friend.
5. Kids like Oreo biscuits.
6. She was born in January this year.
7. SINGULAR NOUNS -

A singular noun is a noun that refers to

only one person, place, thing, or idea. It's
contrasted with plural nouns, which refer
to more than one person, place, thing, or
idea. An example of a singular noun is cat,
which represents one cat; an example of a
plural noun is cats, which represents two
or more cats.
8. PLURAL NOUNS -

A plural noun is a word that indicates

that there is more than one person,
animal place, thing, or idea.
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Examples:

1. Cats
2. Thieves
3. Cities
4. Elves
5. Apples
 RULES TO
FORM PLURAL
NOUN
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1. Nouns form their plural by adding -s at the end.

2. If the nouns end in sh, ch, s, ss, x, z they form their
plural by adding -es at the end.
3. If the nouns end in O they form the plural by adding
-s at the end.
4. Some nouns ending in Y preceded by a consonant,
form their plural by changing y to i and then adding
-es at the end.
5. Noun end in for fe form their plural by changing for
fe to v and then adding -es at the end.
6. Last, some irregular nouns form their plural by
changing spelling.
INFLECTION
AND
DECLENSION
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What is inflection of nouns?

Inflection is the process by which a

single word takes different forms. For
example, if we have the noun cat, we
can add a plural ending to it to create
cats. This is known as inflecting a noun
and the ending we add is called a
suffix.
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What is declension of nouns?

Declension refers to the inflection of

sounds NOUN, PRONOUN, ADJECTIVE
& ADVERB. It marks the number, gender
and case of nouns / pronouns. It also
expresses the degrees of adjectives &
adverbs.
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NOUNS ARE DECLINED

TO EXPRESS NUMBER,
GENDER & CASE.

Number Gender Case

1. Book - Books 1. Prince - Princess 1. Boy - Boy’s

2. Class - Classes 2. Tiger – Tigress 2. Baby - Baby’s
3. Man - Men 3. Hero – Heroine 3. Girls - Girls'
4. Child – Children 4. Governor - Governess
5. Tooth – Teeth
6. Knife – Knives
7. Wolf – Wolves
8. Candy – Candies
 THE SIX TYPES OF DECLENSIONS
34

1. Nominative
- Nominative relating to or denoting a case of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives
(as in Latin and other inflected languages) used for the subject of a verb.

2. Vocative
- Vocative case (plural vocative cases) (grammar) case of address, case used for
a noun identifying the person or thing being addressed. It corresponds to the archaic
English particle "O" as used in solemn or poetic address e.g.: Hear me, O Albion!

Example:
A vocative is a word such as ' darling' or ' madam' which is used to address
someone or attract their attention.
3. Accusative 35

- In the grammar of some languages, the accusative, or the accusative case, is

the case used for a noun when it is the direct object of a verb, or the object of some
prepositions. In English, only the pronouns 'me', 'him', 'her', 'us', and 'them' are in the
accusative.

Example: In the English language, the only words that occur in the accusative case are
pronouns: 'me,' 'him,' 'her,' 'us,' and 'them’.

4. Genitive
- In the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying
another word, also usually a noun.

Example: In English grammar, a noun or name with 's added to it, for example 'dog's'
or 'Anne's', is sometimes called the genitive form.
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5. Dative
- In grammar, the dative case is a grammatical case used
in some languages to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an
action, as in "Maria Jacobo potum dedit", Latin for "Maria gave
Jacob a drink".

6. Ablative
- Ablative he ablative case is a grammatical case for
nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in the grammars of various
languages; it is sometimes used to express motion away from
something, among other uses.
PROPERTIES
OF NOUNS
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1. Gender

2. Number

3. Case
GENDER
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What is gender
of nouns?

In English, the four genders of noun

are masculine, feminine, common, and
neuter. Masculine nouns refer to words for
a male figure or male member of a species
(i.e. man, boy, actor, horse, etc.) Feminine
nouns refer to female figures or female
members of a species (i.e. woman, girl,
actress, mare, etc.)
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GENDER

1. Masculine Gender for words representing males:

boy, man, duke, son.
2. Feminine Gender for words representing
females: girl, woman, mother.
3. Neuter Gender for inanimate objects: table,
book, umbrella, door.
4. Common Gender for either sex: student, reader,
cousin, friend.
NUMBER
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What is number
of nouns?
1. Singular Number : A noun is
singular in number, when it indicates
only one person, object or thing.
Example: a man, a girl, a boy, a kite, a
chair, and so on.
2. Plural Number : A noun is plural in
number, when it points to more than
one person or thing.
CASE
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What is case of
nouns?
In English, the only words that are
marked formally are pronouns and
the "declension" of pronouns shows
three cases: The subject case, the
object case, and the possessive case.
Examples: "I, me, my/mine" and
"he, him, his." Other words
distinguish their syntactic usage
within a sentence by their word
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