Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications

3rd Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala
McGraw-Hill

Bernoulli's Equation
 Bernoulli's Equation
• The Bernoulli equation is an approximate relation
between pressure, velocity, and elevation, and is valid in
regions of steady, incompressible flow where net
frictional forces are negligible

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Bernoulli's Equation

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Bernoulli's Equation

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 Limitations of Bernoulli's Equation

Limitations on the use of the Bernoulli Equation:

•Steady flow
•Frictionless flow
•No shaft work
•Incompressible flow: density = constant
•No heat transfer (The density of a gas is inversely proportional to
temperature)

•Applied along a streamline

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Total Pressure vs Stagnation
Pressure

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Stagnation Pressure

• When static and stagnation pressures are

measured at a specified location, the fluid velocity
at that location is calculated from:

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Bernoulli's Equation

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Siphon
• Key force is gravity. When liquid is sucked up the tube and over
the hump, the force of gravity continues to pull the liquid through
the tube. This theory relies upon liquid cohesion, which means a
continuous chain of cohesive bonds must exist in the liquid.

• Think of the water like a chain being pulled through the tube
instead of a liquid. When you begin to pull the chain through the
tube and over the hump, gravity will take over and continue to
pull the entire length of the chain through the tube.
Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications
3rd Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala
McGraw-Hill

Fluid Statics
Pressure
• Pressure is defined as a normal force
exerted by a fluid per unit area.
• Units of pressure are N/m2, which is called
a pascal (Pa).
• Since the unit Pa is too small for pressures
encountered in practice, kilopascal (1 kPa =
103 Pa) and megapascal (1 MPa = 106 Pa)
are commonly used.
• Other units include bar, atm, psi.
Pressure at a Point

• Pressure at any point in a fluid is the same

in all directions.
• Pressure has a magnitude, but not a
specific direction, and thus it is a scalar
quantity.
Variation of Pressure with Depth
Variation of Pressure with Depth
Scuba Diving and Hydrostatic Pressure
Determine the pressure exerted
on a diver at 20 m below the
free surface of the sea. Assume
a barometric pressure of 101
kPa and a specific gravity of
1.03 for seawater.
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20 m

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Determine the pressure exerted on the surface of a submarine cruising 70
meter below the free surface of the sea. Assume that the barometric pressure
is 100kPa and the specific gravity of seawater is 1.03.
1

70 m

= (101kpa)+((1030)*(9.81)*(70)/1000)
= 101 + 707.30
= 808.30