International Maritime Organization (IMO)

Model Course 3.17 Maritime English

 AGENDA
1. INTRODUCTION
2. ENGLISH IS AS MEANS OF COMMUNICATION
3. IMO MODEL COURSE 317 MARITIME ENGLISH
4. IMO MODEL COURSE 701, PHRASES
5. (SMCP) 702, 703, 704/ COMPETENCE
5. IMO STANDARD MARINE COMMUNICATION
6. APPLICATION OF IMO MODEL COURSE 317 MARITIME
ENGLISH
A. LANGUAGE SYSTEMS
B. LANGUAGE COMMUNICATIVE SKILLS
7. EVALUATION
 DAFTAR RIWAYAT HIDUP

NAMA : DRS. MARGONO

TEMPAT/TGL.LAHIR : MEDAN, 6 OKTOBER 1952
PENDIDIKAN : SARJANA SASTRA/BAHASA INGGRIS
(ENGLISH LINGUISTIC DEPARTMENT)
FAKULTAS SASTRA USU MEDAN 1979
PEKERJAAN : DOSEN SEKOLAH TINGGI TRANSPORTASI
DARAT (STTD) BEKASI
JABATAN FUNGSIONAL : LEKTOR KEPALA
RIWAYAT PEKERJAAN : 1. BADAN DIKLAT PERHUBUNGAN 1981 - 1997
2. PUSDIKLAT PHB LAUT 1997 – 2003
3. SEKOLAH TINGGI TRANSPORTASI DARAT
2003 - SEKARANG
PENGALAMAN KERJA : DELEGASI INDONESIA PADA SIDANG (DN)

- ASEAN HRD TWGM 1995, JAKARTA

- ASEAN HRD TWGM 1997, UJUNG PANDANG
- ASEAN MARITIME TRANSPORT (1) 2000
JAKARTA
- ASEAN MARITIME TRANSPORT (2) 2000
JAKARTA
- ASEAN MARITIME TRANSPORT (3) 2000 BALI
- AIDA (AUSTRALIA INDONESIA DEVELOPING
AREA) 1997 AMBON
- AIDA 1997 NTB

DELEGASI INDONESIA PADA SIDANG (LN)

- APEC (ASIA PACIFIC ECONOMIC

COOPERATION) WGM 1996 PHUKAT, THAILAND
- STOM (SENIOR TRANSPORT OFFICIAL
MEETING) ASEAN TWGM 1996, CHIANG MEI
THAILAND
- APEC TWGM 1997, SEATTLE, USA
- APEC TWGM 1999, CHINA TAIPEH
PESERTA PADA
- SIMPOSIUM MARITIME ENGLISH 2001, JAKARTA
- SEMINAR ENGLISH AS MEANS OF COMMUNICATION
2002, JAKARTA

PENDIDIKAN DI DALAM/LN
- SEPALA 1985 JAKARTA
- SEDADYA 1993 JAKARTA
- IMO MODEL COURSE 6.09, 1999 JAKARTA
- IMO MODEL COURSE 3.12, 2004 JAKARTA
- IMPROVEMENT OF COMPETENCY FOR
LECTURER 2004, JAKARTA
- DIKLAT WAJIB 2008 JAKARTA
- DLL

PENDIDIKAN LUAR NEGERI

- SUPERVISORY AVIATION TRAINING 1988,

PHILIPINA
- AVIATION MANAGEMENT TRAINING 1989,
CANADA - NETHERLAND
PENGALAMAN MENGAJAR: - STTD 1986 – SEKARANG
- STIP (SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU PELAYARAN)
1990 – 1995
- BP3IP (BALAI BESAR PENDIDIKAN
PENYEGARAN DAN PENINGKATAN ILMU
PELAYARAN) JAKARTA MERCHANT
MARINE COLLEGE 1988 – SEKARANG
- BPPTL (BALAI PENDIDIKAN PELATIHAN
TRANSPORTASI LAUT) PHBLAUT
1990- SEKARANG
 INTRODUCTION

MY NAME IS ...
I WORK AT ....
MY POSITION IS AS ......
MY PURPOSES TO ATTEND THE TRAINING ARE...
TO IMPROVE MY KNOWLEDGE
TO GET A CERTIFICATE
TO GET VALUE EXPERIENCE
TO HAVE SIGHTSEEING
TO GET NEW FRIENDS
ETC.
ENGLISH IS AS MEANS OF
COMMUNICATION
 GEOGRAPHIC EXPANSION

1. Canada in 1497
2. The world since 1584
3. India in 1612
4. Asia in 1786
5. Africa in 1806
6. Australia in 18th Century
7. New Zealand in 1770
 POWERFUL ROLE

1. Political power
2. Militery power
3. Economic power
 DIPLOMATIC ROLE

1. Asean countries
2. APEC member economies
3. European council
4. AIDA (Australia, Indonesia developing area),
etc.
  Maritime English
Language Systems  Air Travel in English : Ground
 Grammar Services
 Air Travel in English : In-Flight
 Vocabulary Services
 Phonology  The Petroleum industry in English
 Computer Programming in English
 International Finance in English :
Banking & Money
 The Army in English
 The Navy in English
 Tourism in English
 Hotels in English
Language  Restaurants & Catering in English
 Hospital Service in English
 Accounting in English
 National Defense in English
 Atomic Energy in English
Language  Chemical Engineering in English
 Civil Engineering in English
Communicative  Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Skills in English
 Reading  Mechanical Engineering in English
 The Merchant Marine in English
 Writing  Advertising & Merchandising in
 Speaking English
 Listening  Mining & Metallurgy in English
 International Trade in English
 Aviation in English
 Agriculture in English etc
 GRAMMAR

WORDS OF LANGUAGE STRUCTURES OF LANGUAGE

(PARTS OF SPEECH)
FUTURE TENSES
PRESENT TENSES PAST TENSES

• SIMPLE PRESENT
NOUNS TENSE
PRONOUNS • SIMPLE FUTURE
VERBS • SIMPLE PRESENT • SIMPLE PAST TENSE TENSE/ SHALL, WILL
ADJECTIVES • PRESENT
TENSE • PAST CONTINOUS
ADVERDS CONTINOUS TENSE
PREPOSITIONS • PRESENT TENSE
• GOING TO FORM
CONJUNGTIONS • PAST PERFECT TENSE • FUTURE WITH
CONTINOUS
ATTENTION
TENSE • PAST PERFECT
• FUTURE CONTINOUS
• PRESENT CONTINOUSTENSE TENSE
• FUTURE PERFECT
PERFECT TENSE
TENSE
• PRESENT • CONDITIONALS

PERFECT >PROBLABLE,
IMPROBABLE
CONTINOUS TENSE AND
IMPOSSIBLE,
CONDITIONS
 DEFINITIONS

LANGUAGE IS HUMAN AND NON-INSTINGTIVE METHOD OF COMMUNICATING

IDEAS, FEELING, AND DESIRES BY MEAN OF USING SYSTEM OF SOUND SYMBOLS
GRAMMAR IS STUDY, SCIENCE OR RULES FOR WORDS AND STRUCTURES OF
LANGUAGE
VOCABULARY IS LIST OF WORDS IN BOOKS , DICTIONARIES

PHONOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF SOUND CHANGES IN A LANGUAGE

READING IS ABLE TO UNDERSTAND WRITTEN LANGUAGE

WRITING IS ABLE TO WRITE LANGUAGE

SPEAKING IS ABLE TO MAKE USE ORAL LANGUAGE

LISTENING IS ABLE TO UNDERSTAND ORAL LANGUAGE

(THE ADVANCED LEARNER DICTIONARY OF CURRENT ENGLISH SECOND EDITION

BY HONBY)
INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION
(IMO)
MODEL COURSE 317 MARITIME ENGLISH
 LANGUAGE SYSTEMS

I. Kalimat : Dia menulis sepucuk surat setiap hari.

Grammar : Simple Present Tense + Active + Affirmative
Subject + Verb1 + Object + Modifier
Vocabulary : He/She writes a letter every week
Phonology : [Hi/∫i raitz ∂ let∂: evri wi: k]

II. Kalimat : Sepucuk surat ditulisnya setiap minggu.

Grammar : Simple Present Tense + Passive +
Affirmative
Object + to be + Verb3 + (by + S) + Modifier

Vocabulary : A Letter is written (by him/her) every week

Phonology : [∂ Let∂: iz rit∂n (bai him/h∂:) evri wi:k]
III. Kalimat : Kemana dia pergi setiap hari?
Grammar : Simple Present Tense + Active + Introgative
Do/Does + Subject + Verb + Modifier,
Vocabulary : Where does he/she go every day?
Phonology : [W∑: daz hi/∫i gou evri dei?]
 PORT OPERATION
SHIPPING
LANGUAGE SYSTEMS
SHIP TYPES
- GRAMMAR SHIP CONSTRUCTIONS
- VOCABULARY MANNING
- PHONOLOGY
SEAMANSHIP
CARGO WORK
NAVIGATION
MAIN ENGINE
AUXILIARY MACHINARY
MAINTENANCE
LANGUAGE
SAFETY ABOARD
COMMUNICATION AT SEA
IMO STANDARD MARINE
COMMUNICATION PHRASES
LANGUAGE
(SMCP)
COMMUNICATIVE SKILLS
VESSEL TRAFFIC SERVICES

APPROACHING PORT
- READING LEAVING PORT
- WRITING PILOTAGE
TUG ASSITANCE
- SPEAKING
FIRE ON BOARD
- LISTENING
PASSANGER CARE
SAR, ETC
 Port Operations
Special Terms

Port : A harbor, near a seacoast, with facilities to receive

vessels and conduct cargo operations.
Lighthouse : A structure on land having a large light visible for great
distances at sea, used as an aid to navigation.
Lightship : A ship having a large light visible for miles at sea, used to
mark the entrance to a port.
Sea buoy : An object floating in water, moored to the bottom, to
mark a port ; usually the last seaward aid to navigation
seen when a vessel is leaving port and proceeding to sea.
Pilot vessel : A vessel cruising or anchored at near the entrance to a
harbor ; it takes pilots to inbound ships and removes
pilots from outbound vessel.
Bridge : The control station from which deck officers operate the
navigational gear of a ship.
Channel : A deep out in a shallow body of water through which
large vessel can navigate.
Breakwater : A structure which maintains calm waters in a harbor and
block the worst ocean waves.
Maneuvering speed : A vessel’s reduced rate of speed in restricted waters
such as harbors.
Berth : The place assigned to a vessel in port, at a dock, a
wharf, or at anchorage.
Dock : A structure to which a ship can be secured.
Tugboat : A small, highly maneuverable craft used to assist in
docking or undocking large ships.
Docking pilot : An additional pilot who may assist the ship’s master in
docking or undocking with tugboats alongside.
Line handlers : The shore side personnel who handle the ship’s lines on
the dock.
Manifest : An official list of everything carried by a vessel.
Stevedores : The contractors and personnel who perform cargo
operations for most ships.
Pumpers : The personnel, usually the ship’s crew, who load and
discharge liquid cargo from tankers.
Agency : A shore establishment which handles all the ship’s
needs while it is in port.
Expected Time of
Arrival (E.T.A) : The time at which a ship is due in port.
Port authority : The agency that controls the maintenance and use of all
the port’s facilities.
Store : The supplies to be procured for a ship in port.
Ship chandler : A dealer who supplies a vessel with stores.
Signing on or off : The official process where by crew members are
hired or discharged.
Coast Guard : A nation’s coastal patrol, responsible for protecting life
and property at sea, enforcement of navigation laws, and
coastal defense.
Stand by engines : An order given to prepare the vessel, in all respect, for
sea.

Shipboard Organization

Special Terms

Crew : All personnel aboard a ship.

Deck department : The personnel who operate navigational equipment and
deck machinery.
Engine department : The personnel who operate the ship’s engines and
related auxiliary machinery.
Steward department : The personnel responsible for the care and feeding of the
crew.
Master : The officer in charge, commanding officer, or captain of
the ship.
Chief mate : The person second in command of the ship under a
master ; supervises the operations of the deck
department and is responsible for the vessel’s cargo.
Watch : A portion of a ship’s day (usually four hours) to which
certain officer and crew members are assigned for
operational purpose.
Day workers : Those crew members assigned to work a straight day as
opposed to watchstanders.
Navigating bridge : The wheelhouse, or control center, of the ship.
Second mate : The officer in the deck department who assists with the
navigation of the ship and oversees the vessel’s safety
equipment.
Boatswain (Bon’s) : The senior unlicensed person in the deck department ;
supervises other unlicensed personnel in the
department according to the chief mate’s orders.
Able-bodied seaman
(A.B.) : One who works under the officers in the deck
department, steers the ship, and performs tasks such as
docking/undocking and maintenance chores.
Ordinary seaman (O.S.) : One who works under the A.B., performing routine tasks in
the deck department.
Chief engineer : The officer in charge of an engine department and all of its
personnel and equipment.
First, second, and third
assistant engineer : The licensed officers of an engine
department who work under the chief engineer,
standing watches and supervising the operation of the
ship’s propulsion plant and related machinery.
Oilers and fireman-
watertenders (F.W.T.) : The non licensed personnel of the engine
department who work on the watches with the
licensed engineers and keep the vessel’s plant
operating twenty-four hours a day in port and at sea.
Wiper : The lowest ranking unlicensed person in the engine
department. This position is an entry rating from which
one works up through experience. A wiper corresponds
to an ordinary seaman in the deck department.
Electrician : The crew member responsible to the chief engineer for
the maintenance and Operation of all electrical
machinery.
Chief steward : The person in charge of the steward department.
Chief cook and
assistants : Crew members charged with responsibility
for preparing all food served aboard the vessel.
Messmen and stewards : The personnel who serve food to the crew
and care for the messrooms, stateroom, and
related facilities under the control of the
steward department.
Radio operator : The staff officer responsible for all
communications to and from the vessel while
at sea.
Purser : The staff officer who handles paperwork and
records for a master.
Cadets : The personnel in training to be deck officer or
engineering officers.
 Time at Sea

Traditionally time at sea is divided into 4-hour periods called watches.

There are six watches.

Midnight – 04.00 Middle Watch Noon – 16.00 Afternoon Watch

04.00 – 08.00 Morning Watch 16.00 – 20.00 Evening Watch
08.00 – noon Forenoon Watch 20.00 – midnight First Watch

The Evening Watch can be divided into two short watches.

16.00 – 18.00 First Dog Watch 18.00 – 20.00 Second Dog
Watch

Each watch is in the charge of an officer. The traditional pattern is as following:

12 – 4 4–8 8 – 12
a.m Middle Watch Morning Watch Forenoon Watch
p.m Afternoon Watch Evening Watch First Watch
Deck Second Officer Chief officer Third Officer
Engine Third Engineer Second Engineer Fourth Engineer
 PORT OPERATION
High Sea

An approaching ship

Aids to navigation Port authority (coast station) An Agent

 A light house  IMO SMCP  ETA
 A light ship VTS approaching port  A pilot
 Sea buoys Tug boat
 Line handlers
 Stevedores

An incoming ship A proceeding ship A Berthing ship Cargo operation A leaving ship
 A pilot/bridge Waiting for berth  FEW  Agent  Concluded cargo operation
 Channel/  A safe area  Official clearance  Stevedores  Store loaded
maneuvering  Temporary approved by public  Ship chandler  Official clearance received
speed anchore health document  Official Clearance  All is in readiness
 Restricted waters  Tug boats  Clearance procedures  Signing on/off  Shoreside personnel leave the vessel
 Break waters  Docking pilot  Custom officers  The need of the  The crew secures the ship for sea
 Other navigational  Line handlers on  Ships manifest  The lines are cost off stand by engines
crew
 Stevedores  Medical attention and reverse her earliest route
obstructions board/shore
 Shore deck workers  Return to her natural environment the
 Mooring lines  Currency
sea

Coast guard
 Aids to navigation
 Vessel traffic control
 Rules and regulation to prevent collusions
 Pollution abatement
 Environmental control
 THE ORGANIZATION OF SHIP’S CREW

Master

Deck Department Engine Department Catering Department Radio Department

Chief Engineer Chief Steward

Chief Officer Chief Radio Officer
Second Engineer
Second Officer Second Radio Officer
Third Engineer
Third Officer Third Radio Officer
Fourth Engineer
(Fourth Officer)
(Fifth Engineer)
(Cadets) Gallery Salon
(Electrical Officer)
Section Section
(Cadets)

Store Keeper Ship’s Cook Second Steward

Boatswain
Carpenter Donkey men

Cooks Steward
Junior Junior
Ratings Ratings
AB Firemen
EDH Greasers
OS Oilers
QM Wifers
Pump men
 IMO MODEL
IMO MODEL COURSE 317 COURSES
MARITIME ENGLISH 701,702,703,704.
(STCW CODE)

( 701 ) MASTER,
LANGUAGE CHIEF OFFICER C
SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT (702) CHIEF
L -GRAMMAR LEVEL ENGINEER AND O
-VOCABULARY SECOND ENGINEER
A -PHONOLOGY OFFICER
M

N P
G OPERATIONAL (703) OFFICER IN E
CHARGE OF A
U LEVEL
NAVIGATIONAL T
WATCH
A
LANGUAGE (704) OFFICIER IN E
G COMMUNICATIVE CHARGE OF AN
SKILLS ENGINEERING
E WATCH
N
-READING
-WRITING C
SUPPORTING STCW CODE
-SPEAKING LEVEL
E
-LISTENING
Specification of minimum standard of competence for officers in charge of a
navigational watch on ships of 500 gross tonnage or more

Function : Navigation at the operational level

Competence Knowledge, understanding and Methods for Criteria for evaluating

proficiency demonstrating competence
competence
Use the standard English Language Examination and English language
Marine Adequate knowledge of the assessment of Navigational
Navigational evidence obtained
English language publications and
Vocabulary as from practical
replaced by the to enable the officers to use instruction messages relevant
IMO Standard charts and other nautical the safety of the ship
Marine publications, are correctly
Communication to understand meteorological interpreted or drafted
Phrases (smcp)
information and messages
and use English in
written and oral concerning ship’s safety and Communication are
form. operation clear and understood
to communicate with other
ships and coast stations
and to perform the officer’s
duties also with a multilingual
crew, including the ability to
use and understand the
Standard Marine Navigational
Vocabulary as replaced by the
IMO Standard Marine
Communication Phrases.
Management Level
The requirement for knowledge of English are the same at the
management level as they are at operational level however,
administrations may consider that knowledge of English at a higher
level would be desirable for a master and chief mate and may wish
to include further course in English for conducting ship’s business,
as outlined below.

Reads and understand charters parties, bills of lading, mate’s

receipts, maritime insurance clauses port and canal regulations.
Interprets appropriate endorsement on mate’s receipts and bill
of lading.
Completes a note of protect in English.
Write reports on damage to ship, cargo on and off-hire surveys accidents
and incidents.
Write letters to agents, port authorities and stevedors, concerning ship’s
business and reads replies from them.
Writes request for surveys and interprets request and instructions for
surveyor.
Request fuel, water, ship’s store and spare verbally and writing.
Reads and understands manufactures’ instructions for operations and
maintenance of equipment.
Specification of minimum standard of competence for ratings forming part
of a navigational watch

Function : Navigation at the support level

Competence Knowledge, Methods for Criteria for evaluating competence

understanding and demonstrating
proficiency competence

Steer the ship Use of magnetic and Assessment of A steady course is

and comply with gyro-compasses Evidence steered within
helm orders also
obtained from : acceptable having
in the English Helm orders
1. Practical regard to the area of
language
Change-over from test, or navigation and
automatic pilot to 2. Approve in prevailing sea state.
hand steering and service Alterations of course
vice versa experience are smooth and
or approve controlled.
training ship
experience Communication are
clear and concise at all
times and orders are
acknowledged in
seamanlike manner
Specification of minimum standard of competence for chief engineer officer
and second engineer officers on ships powered by main propulsion machinery
of 3000 km propulsion power or more

Function : Marine engineering at the management level

Competence Knowledge, Methods for demonstrating Criteria for evaluating

understanding and competence competence
proficiency

Use internal Operation of all Examination and Transmission and

communicatio internal assessment of evidence reception of
n system communication obtained from one or more messages are
system on board of the following : consistently
1. Approved in successful
service
experience Communication
2. Approve training record are complete,
ship experience
accurate and comply
3. Approved
with statutory
simulator training
requirements
where
appropriate
4. Approved
laboratory
equipment
training
Specification of minimum standard of competence for officers in charge of an
engineering watch in manned engine-room or designed duty engineers in a
periodically unmanned engine-room

Function : Marine engineering at the management level

Competence Knowledge, Methods for Criteria for evaluating

understanding and demonstrating competence
proficiency competence

Use English in Adequate knowledge Examination and English language

written and of the English assessment of publication relevant
oral form language to enable evidence to engineering duties
the officers to read
obtained from practical are correctly
engineering
instruction integrated
publication and to
perform engineering Communication are
duties clear and understood
 SHIPPING

On regular routes on fixed time

table
M Published in advance of arrival/departure dates
Sail full or not
E Liners

R Deep sea – liners

Short sea – liners
C
H
Do not sail on regular routes
A Do not keep to fixed time table
Sail all parts of the world
N Tramps

T
Deep sea – Tramps
Short sea – Tramps

S
H Specialized Carry particular types
Oil tankers

Vessels of cargoes
I Chemical carriers
P
LNG carriers
 COMMUNICATION AT SEAS

COMMUNICATION AT SEAS

Communication Communication over Communication over

within the ship relativity short distance long distance

Radio communication
on board
Internal telephone Visual Sound
system signals signals
Radio Department

Radio officer’s watch keeping duty

Ship’s telegraph Flags Ships
A load speaker
An Aldis
system siren
Docking telegraph Lamp Radio telegrams
Receiving, Navigational and
VHF (Morse Whistle weather
communication Code) transmitting messages
Bell Time signals
Social telegrams
(Morse Code)
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENGINES

Marine Engines

Diesel Engines Steam Turbine Gas Turbine Nuclear Plant

Slow Speed Medium Speed

Type Engine Application

Slow speed diesel Tankers, bulk carries
Medium speed diesel Cargo liners, tankers, bulk carriers
Steam turbine Tankers, container ships, cargo oil pumps
Gas turbine Naval vessels, container ships
Marine nuclear plant Naval vessels, submarine, some cargo ships
 AUXILIARY MACHINERY

Air compressors To supply the need of the main engine and

Coolers boilers
Feeds water heaters

Bilge pumps To keep the ship dry and trimmed

Ballast pumps

Distillation plant
Sewage plant To supply domestic needs
Heaters
Air conditions
Thrust shaft
Functions of Intermediate shafts To supply the main power of engines for
Propeller shaft propulsion and maneuvering
Auxiliary Propeller
Rudder
Machinery Steering gears
Generators To supply the ship with electrical power and
lighting
Windless
Capstan
To moor the ship and handle cargo
Winches
Cranes
Cargo oil pumps
Fire fighting equipment
To provide for the safety
Fire detection
equipment
Life boat engine
Launching gears
 SHIP CONSTRUCTIONS
Steel
Other material used
Cost Labors
Modern shipyards
Fully mechanized process
Use Machines
Naval architect
Shipyards
ship design
Design Basic design
Ship owners
Firms of shipping consultant
Building Ship Customers
Type of cargo
Routes
Order Desired speed
Price
Rules of classification society
Requirement International regulations
Economic, engineering, safety
factors
Process
Well order sequence of event

plan Approved (Classification Checks (Standard society) Seaworthy

society)
 TYPES OF MERCHANT SHIPS

Merchant Ship Types

Cargo Ships Passenger Ships

Dry Cargo Ship Liquid Cargo Ships

 Multi deck vessels

 Oil tankers  Passenger liners
 Bulk carriers
 LNG carriers  Cruise ships
 Container ships
 Chemical carriers  Ferries
 Refrigerated ships
 SEAMENSHIP

Propeller
Axial thrust Controllable
Rudder

Ship Handling
Effect
(at sea, narrow waters)

Transverse thrust Wind and

Uncontrollable
title

The axial thrust of the propeller is the force working in fore and off directions

The transverse thrust is the sideways force of the propeller as it rotates

 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CARGO

Cargo

Bulk General

Liquid Dry Containerized Non Containerized Refrigerated

Types of Cargo Examples Types of Ship How (un) loaded

Liquid bulk Crude oil, fuel oil Tankers Pumped through pipes

Dry bulk Grain, iron ore, coal surer Bulk carriers Conveyor belt, tubes, grabs

Containerized Many types of general cargo Container ships Special cranes

Non Containerized Tobacco, rubber, tea, rice Multi deck vessels Cranes, derricks
 NAVIGATION

A. Navigation Techniques and Instruments

Techniques of celestial
navigation (a sextant)

Out of sight of land Sun

Moon
Star

Techniques of coastal
navigation (pilot age)
Ship’s Position In sight of land
Light house
Church spire

Dead Reckoning (DR)

B. Electronic Aids to Navigation

Echo Sounder To measure the depth of water under the ship

(Radio Signal)
 To measure object’s distance from the
Sonar System ship
 To measure the ship’s speed over the sea
bed (by high frequency sound signals)

To indicate the ship’s position

Radar To indicate nearby ships (by high
frequency radio beams)

Electronic Aids to Radio Direction Finder To indicate the ship’s position by signal
Navigation (RDF)

 Decca Direction
To indicate the ship’s position by synchronized
 Omega Navigator signals
 Loran

Satellite To indicate very high accuracy ship’s position

Sensors
 IMO

Sub. Committee on safety of navigation on its 46th session

IMO standard marine communication phrases (SMCP)

Introduction general glossary

1. Position of the 1. Procedure 9. Repetition 1. General terms

smcp in maritime 10. Numbers
practice 2. Spelling 2. VTS special
11. Position terms
2. Organization of the 3. Message markoos
smcp 4. Respones 12. Bearing
3. Position of the 5. Distress/urgency/ 13. Courses
smcp in MET safety signal 14. Distance
4. Basic 6. Standard
communicative organization 15. Speed
features phrases 16. Time
5. Typographical 7. Correction 17. Geographical
conventions
8. Readines names
18. Ambiquous
words
Smcp has been complied.
- to assist in the greater safety of navigation and of the conduct of the skip
- to standardize the language used in communication for navigation at sea, in port-approaches, in water-ways,
harbours and on board vessels with multilingual crews, and
- to assist maritime training institutions in meeting the objectives mentioned above .

STANDARD MARINE COMMUNICATION STANDARD MARINE COMMUNICATION

PHRASES PART A PHRASES PART B

A1. External communication phrases B. Om-board communication phrases (B)

A1/1. Distress traffic B1. Operative ship hadling
A1/1.1. Distress communication B1/1. Handling over the watch
A1/1.2. Search and reserve B1/1.1. Briefing on position, movement
communication and draft
A1/1.3. Requesting medical assistance B1/1.2. Briefing on traffic situation in
A1/2. Urgency traffic the area
A1/3. Safety communication B1/1.3. Briefing on movigational aids
A1/3.1. Meteorological and hydrological and aquipment status
conditions B1/1.4. Briefing on radio
A1/4. Pilotage communication
A1/4.1. Pilot request B1/1.5. Briefing on meteorological
A1/4.2. Embarking/disembarking pilot conditions
A1/4.3. Tuq request B1/1.6. Briefing on standing orders and
A1/5. Specials bridge organization
A1/5.1. Helicopter Operations B1/1.7. Briefing on special events
A1/5.2. Ice-breaker operations B1/1.8. Briefing on temperature,
A1/6. Vessel traffic service (VTS) pressuve and sounding
standard phrases B1/1.9. Briefing on operations of main
engine and anxiliary equipment
A1/6.1. Phrases for equiring and providing B1/1.10. Briefing on pumping of fuel,
data for a traffic image ballast water, etc
A1/6.2. Phrases for providing VTS B1/1.11. Briefing on special machinary
siovoces events and repairs
B1/1.12. Briefing on record keeping
A1/6.3. Handing over to another VTS
B1/1.13. Handling and taking over the
A1/6.4. Phrases for communication with
watch/communication
emergency service and allied B1/
service B2. Safety on board
A2. OB board communication phrases B2/1.1. General Affair
A2/1. Standard wheel orders B2/1.2. Briefing crew and passengers
A2/2. Standard engine orders B2/1.3. Checking status of escape
A2/3. Pilot on the brigde routes
A2/3.1. Propulsion system B2/1.4. Checking status of life boat/
A2/3.2. Manoeuring lifecrafts
B2/1.5. Ordering evaluation
A2/3.3. Radar
B2/1.6. Roll call
A2/3.4. Draft and airdrafft
B2/1.7. Ordering abadon vessel
A2/3.5. Anchoring B2/2. Occupational safety
A2/3.6. Tug assistance B2/2.1. Institution
A2/3.7. Berthing and unberthing B2/2.2. Practial occupational plan
B2/2.3. Occupational accidents
B2/3. Fire protection and fire fighting
B2/3.1. Fire protection
B2/3.2. Fire fighting
B2/4. Damage control
B2/4.1. Checking equipment status and
drill
B2/4.2. Damage control activities
B2/5. Grounding
B2/5.1. Reporting grauding and
ordering
B2/5.2. Reporting damage
B2/5.3. Orders for refloating
B2/5.4. Checking scaworthiness
B2/6. Search and rescue on board
activities
B2/6.1. Checking aquipment status
B2/6.2. Person over board activities
B2/6.3. Rescue operation-reporting
readiness for assistance
B2/6.4. Condueting seavel
B2/6.5. Rescue activities
B2/6.6. Finishing with seavel and
resque operations
B3. Cargo and cargo handling
B3/1. Cargo handling
B3/1.1. Loading and loading
B3/1.2. Handling dangerous goods
B3/1.3. Handling liquid goods
bunkers and ballast
pollution prevention
B3/1.4. Preparing for sea
B3/2. Cargo care
B3/2.1. 1.Operation ship board
equipment for cargo care
B3/2.2. 2.Taking measuveos for cargo
care
B4. Passenger cave
B4/1. Briefing and instruction
B4/1.1. Conduct of passenger on board
B4/1.2. Briefing on safety regulation
preventive measuoes and
communications
B4/2. Evacuation and boat drill
B4/2.1. Allocating/directing to assembly
stations describing how to
escape
B4/2.2. Briefing on how to dress and
what to take assembly stations
B4/2.3. Performing roll call
B4/2.4 Briefing on how to put on life
jackets
B4/2.5. Instruction on how to embark
and be have in life boats/life
cotts
B4/2.6. On-scene measuoes in life
boats/ life cotts
B4/3. Attemding to passenger in an
emergency
B4/3.1. Informing on present situations
B4/3.2. Escorting helpless passengers
 Vessel Traffic Service

1. Approaching port

Introduction

It needs Training, Experience and Attitude

To become a MARINER

Sometimes small technical faults can cause disasters kike fire,

Loss of ships, death of personnel and environmental
catastrophes.

Marine Training supports both instructor-guided training and

self-instruction by using different resources.
 2. Situation I
Description:
The vessel has to report to VTS Warnemunde traffic one hour before passing
Warnemunde breakwater, according to the local reporting cheme ($58 SeeSchStr0)

A-Name, call sign and flag state;

D-Position of vessel;
E-Course of vessel;
F-Speed of vessel;
G-Last port of call;
P-Cargo and dangerous goods on board;

Principal particulars of MV “Stortebeker”-Call sign – Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, flag

state – Germany, length - 150 m, beam 20 m, draught 06.50 m ,air draft – 44 m, speed –
18 km, ship seaworthy, no dangerous goods on board, owner – ABC lines. Local time
– 16.00. Destination – Rostock, berth 63.

Communication:
MV ”Stortebeker” Yankee Three Charlie Sierra has to report to VTS Warnemunde her
principal particulars:
- call sign Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, flag state – Germany,
- position – North East, distance – 9 miles of fairway entrance,
- course – 223 degrees, speed – 18 knots,
- destination – berth no. 63,
- present draft forward - 6 metres, draft aft – 7 metres, air draft – 44 metres,
- ETA in position buoy no.1 – 17 00 hours local time.

External communication
The Officer of Watch (OOW) is calling Warnemunde Traffic (VTS)

OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, Warnemunde Traffic, Warnemune Traffic – this is
Stortebeker, Stortebeker, Stortebeker, call sign Yankee Three Charlie Sierra,
come in please – over.

VTS:
Stortebeker, Stortebeker, Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra,
this is Warnemunde Traffic, Warnemunde Traffic, Warnemunde Traffic.
Advice. Change to VHF Channel 7 3 – over.

OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic – this is Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra.
Information.
Changing to VHF Channel 7 3 – over.
VTS:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, this is Warnemunde Traffic. Question.
How do you read me – over.

OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra.
Answer. I read you good – over.

VTS:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, this is Warnemunde Traffic.
Question. What is your call sign. What is your flag state – over.

OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker.
Answer. My call sign Yankee-Three-Charlie-Sierra. My flag state Germany – over.

VTS:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, this is Warnemunde Traffic. Question.
What is your position, present course and speed – over.

OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra.
Answer. My position is North East, distance 9 miles of fairway entrance.
My present course 2 2 3 degrees, speed 18 knots – over.
VTS:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, this is Warnemunde Traffic. Question.
From what direction are you approaching. What is your destination – over.

OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra. Answer.
I am approaching from North East. My destination berth number 6 3 – over.

VTS:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, this is Warnemunde Traffic. Question.
What is your present draft. What is your air draft – over.

OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra. Answer.
My present draft forward 6 meters, aft 7 meters. My air draft 44 meters – over.

VTS:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, this is Warnemunde Traffic. Question.
What is your ETA in position buoy number 1 – over.

OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra. Answer.
My ETA 17 00 hours local time – over.
VTS:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, this is Warnemunde Traffic. Information.
You may enter fairway in position buoy number 1.
Advice. Report at waypoint 2 nautical miles from Warnemunde breakwater.
Advice. Stand by on VHF Channel 7 3 – over.

OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra. Information.
Understood. Reporting at waypoint 2 nautical miles from Warnemunde breakwater.
Standing by on VHF Channel 7 3 – over.
 3. Situation II

Description:
Vessel is steering into the sea channel. Vessel is passing buoy couple ½.

Communication:
Vessel is passing buoy couple ½.
Vessel has to alter course to port 20 and to steer 140 degrees.

On board communication
The Officer of watch (OOW) and the Helmsman (H) are on the bridge.
OOW:
Port 20. Steer 1 4 0 degrees.
H:
Port 20. Steer 1 4 0 degrees.
H:
Steady 1 4 0 degrees.
OOW:
Steady as she goes.
H:
Steady as she goes.
 4. Situation III

Description:
Vessel is steering into the sea channel. Vessel is passing buoy couple 5/6.

Communication:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra has to inform VTS Warnemunde:
Position – passing buoy number 5, and has to ask the permission to enter the port.

VTS Warnemunde has to inform Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra

That she has a permission, traffic clearance granted and has to ask vessel about her
present course and speed.

Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra has to inform present course:

present course – 161 degrees and speed – 9 knots, action – she will enterthe port.

VTS Warnemunde has to advise Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra to keep her
present course.
External communication:
The Officer of watch (OOW) is calling Warnemunde Traffic (VTS)

OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker, Yankee-Three-Charlie-Sierra.
Information. I am passing buoy number 5.
Question. Have I permission to enter port – over.

VTS:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, this is Warnemunde Traffic.
Information. You have permission to enter port. Traffic clearance granted.

Question. What is your present course and speed – over.

OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra.
My present course 1 6 1 degrees, speed 9 knots.
Intention. I will enter port – over.

VTS:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, this is Warnemunde Traffic.
Advice. Keep your present course.
Information. Your track is parallel with reference line – out.
 5. Situation IV

Description:
Vessel is steering southward up the sea channel on the port side of the reference
line. Vessel is passing Warnemunde breakwater.

Communication:
Stortebeker Yankee Three Charlie Sierra has to inform VTS Warnemunde about her
data (local time – 16 55 hours, position – breakwater passed, speed – 8 knots).

VTS Warnemunde has to confirm received information.

Vessel has to alter course to 161 degrees, then she has to be steered on leading
lights on port bow.

External communication:
The Officer of watch (OOW) is calling Warnemunde Traffic (VTS) :

OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra.
Information. Time 16 55, breakwater passed, speed 8 knots – over.
VTS:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, this is Warnemunde Traffic.
Time 16 55, breakwater passed, speed 8 knots.
Advice. No obstruction to you – over.

On board communication:
The Officer of watch (OOW) and the Helmsman (H)

OOW:
Midships.steer 1 6 1.
H:
Midships.steer 1 6 1. Steady on 1 6 1
OOW:
Steer on leading lights on port bow.
H:
Steer on leading lights on port bow.
OOW:
Steady as she goes.
H:
Steady as she goes.
 6. Situation V

Description:
Vessel has reached the basin. Vessel has reduced her speed to 3 knots and will
change course to starboard to enter the river Warnow.
Communication:
Stortebeker Yankee Three Charlie Sierra has reached the basin. She has to alter
course yo starboard 15 and to steer 205 degrees.
On board communication:
The Officer of Watch (OOW) and the Helmsman (H)
OOW:
Starboard 15. Steer 2 0 5 degrees.
H:
Starboard 15. Steer 2 0 5 degrees.
H:
Steady on 2 0 5 degrees.
OOW:
Steady as she goes.
H:
Steady as she goes.
 7. Situation VI

Description:
Vessel is turning over the port side bow on River Warnow.

Communication:
Stortebeker Yankee Three Charlie Sierra has to inform VTS Warnemunde,that she is
starting turning manoeuvre and proceeding at dead slow ahead with both anchors
standing by for let go.

VTS warnemunde has to confirm received information and has to call attention to
berthing.

External communication:
The Officer of watch (OOW) is calling Warnemunde Traffic (VTS) :

OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker,
Yankee-Three-Charlie-Sierra. Intention.
I am starting turning manoeuvre. Information.
I am proceeding at dead slow ahead. Both anchors standing by for let go – over.
VTS:
Stortebeker Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, this is Warnemunde Traffic. Understood.
Attention – proceed carefully to berth 6 3 – over.

8. Situation VII

Description:
Vessel is fast on berth 63.

Communication:
Stortebeker Yankee Three Charlie Sierra has to inform VTS Warnemunde, that local
time is 17 55 hours and vessel is fast on berth no. 63.

VTS Warnemunde has to confirm received information. External communication:

The Officer of watch (OOW) is calling Warnemunde Traffic (VTS) :
OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra. Information.
Time 17 55 hours. Vessel is fast on berth 6 3 – over.
VTS:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra this is Warnemunde Traffic. Understood.
Time 17 55 hours. Vessel is fast on berth 6 3 – out.
 GRAMMAR

WORDS OF LANGUAGE STRUCTURES OF LANGUAGE

(PARTS OF SPEECH)
FUTURE TENSES
PRESENT TENSES PAST TENSES

• SIMPLE PRESENT
NOUNS
TENSE
PRONOUNS
• SIMPLE FUTURE
VERBS • SIMPLE PRESENT • SIMPLE PAST TENSE
TENSE/ SHALL, WILL
ADJECTIVES
ADVERDS TENSE • PAST CONTINOUS • PRESENT

PREPOSITIONS • PRESENT TENSE CONTINOUS TENSE

CONJUNGTIONS • GOING TO FORM
CONTINOUS • PAST PERFECT TENSE
• FUTURE WITH
TENSE • PAST PERFECT ATTENTION
• PRESENT CONTINOUSTENSE • FUTURE CONTINOUS
TENSE
PERFECT TENSE
• FUTURE PERFECT
• PRESENT
TENSE
PERFECT • CONDITIONALS
>PROBLABLE,
CONTINOUS TENSE
IMPROBABLE
AND
IMPOSSIBLE,
CONDITIONS
 Parts of Speech

Words are divided into different kinds or classes, called parts of speech
Parts of speech are eight in number

1A. Noun : is word used as the name of a person, place or thing

A. Kinds of nouns
1. A proper noun : Harry, susi
2. A common noun : boy, girl
3. A collection noun : crowd, team, fleet, committee
4. An abstract noun
a) Quality : kindness, darkness, beauty
b) state : childhood, youth, boy hood
c) action : movement, judgment, theft
Abstract nouns are formed : as
a) from adjective : kind - kindness
honest – honestly
b) from verb : as : obey - obedience
grow – growth
c) from common nouns as : child – childhood
slave – slavery
B. Gender
1. Masculine Gender : boy, brother, husband, king
2. Feminine Gender : girl, sister, wife, queen

C. Number (Countable Nouns)

1. Plurals a) ( s ) : a boy – boys
a girl – girls
b) ( es ) : ss : a class – classes
sh : a brush – brushes
ch : a watch – watches
x : a box – boxes
o : a potato – potatoes
Exception :
a piano – pianos a bamboo – bamboos
a dynamo – dynamos a quarto – quartos
c) ( y ) preceded by a consonant > ies
a baby – babies an army – armies
a lady – ladies a story – stories

d) ( f and fe ) > ves

a life – lives a leaf – leaves
a wife – wives a shelf – shelves
a knife – knives a wolf – wolves
Exception :
a chief – chiefs a gulf – gulfs
a roof – roofs a safe – safes

e] changing the inside vowel of the singular

a man – men a foot – feet
a woman – women a toot – teeth
a mouse – mice a goose – geese

f] ending : > en
a child – children
an ox – oxen

g] singular : > plural

- sheep - salmon - score - thousand
- deer - grass - hundred

h] plural
- scissors - glasses
- spectacles - trousers
i] plural forms are used in singular (science)
- mathematics
- linguistics
- economics
j] abstract nouns does not have plural
- kindness
- beauty
k] substances on materials is singular (uncountable nouns)
- wool
- water
- iron
- oil
- chemical
Nouns are used in maritime terms
a ship – ships
a shipyard – shipyards
a machine – machines
a tanker – tankers
a windless – windlesses
a chronometer – chronometers
a thermometer – thermometers
a crane – cranes
a cooler – coolers
a windless – windlesses
a capstan – capstans
a winch – winches
a superstructure –
superstructures
an accommodation –
accommodations
: ships cost a lot of money to build
: a modern shipyard is designed for building
ships
: machines are now used instead of men
: the queen will launch the tankers tomorrow
: a windless rises and lowers an anchor
: we measure time with a chronometer
: the function of the thermometer is to measure
temperature
: we lift heavy objects with a crane
: coolers are used for cooling either oil or water
: deck machinery can be divided into an anchor
: a handling, windless, a mooring machinery
:
: we finish off the superstructure and a
the accommodation for the crew
a man – men : men evect masts and derricks end
a mast – masts : put various items of deck machinery
a derrick – derricks

a furniture – furnitures : someone must also buy the funitures

a fitting – fittings : and fittings for all the saloons
a saloon – saloons : and cabins
a cabin – cabins

a goggle – goggles : suitable goggles must be worn

a wave – waves : the action of waves
an engine – engines : the diesel engine is a form of internal
combustion
a bus – buses : engine similar to that used is a bus
a vanes – vanes is directed into a series of blades or
: vanes attached to a shaft
a shaft – shafts
gas – gas : a gas turbine differs from steam turbines
maintenance – maintenance a gas turbine is very light and
automation – automation : easily removed for maintenance an
suitable for complete automation

The Adjective

An adjective is a word used with a noun to add something to its meaning.

The seaman is Lazy (predicative)

The Lazy seaman is not paid (attributive)

A. Kinds of adjective
1. Adjective of quality, it shows the quality of a person and thing.
- Titanic was a large ship
- The master is an honest man
- Take great care of your health
2. Adjective of quantity, it shows how much of a thing is meant
- Ships cost a lot of money to build
- There is much cargo to be loaded
- There is a little lime before the ship sail
 3. Adjective of number, it shows how many person or things are meant
- All liners carry passengers and cargo
- Nowadays most merchant ships are built to carry cargo
- A large number of merchant ships carry cargo
- Some ships are designed to carry cargo
- A general cargo vessel costs several million pound
- A few ships still carry passengers
- No tankers can carry passengers
- Second officer is responsible for the master
- First officer is responsible for the stowage of the cargo
- Each engineer must be responsible for his/her own job
- This ship is larger than ship
- These ships are new
- Those ships are old
- Every seaman must obey the regulation

Comparison of Adjective
Read these sentences
1. MV. Pelni is big
2. MV. Loyid is bigger than MV. Pelni
3. MV. Blale is the biggest of all
They are called three degree of comparison
1. The adjective big is in positive degree
2. The adjective bigger is in the comparative degree
3. The adjective biggest is in the superlative degree

Formation of comparative and superlative

Positive Comparative Superlative
(-er / more) (-est / most)
sweet sweeter sweetest
brave braver bravest
happy happier happiest
hot hotter hottest
beautiful more beautiful most
beautiful
difficult more difficult most difficult
 Irregular Comparative
Positive Comparative Superlative

good/well better best

bad worse worst

little less least

much more more

many more more

late later last

old older oldest

far farther farthest

 Personal Pronouns

Subject P Object P Possessive Adjective Possessive P Reflexive P/

emphasing P

I me my mine myself

He him his his himself

She her her hers herself

It it its its itself

You you your yours yourself

We us our ours ourselves

They them their theirs themselves

- The man in change is the master, He is responsible for the ship, her cargo and

the safety of the crew, He must be will qualified and experienced navigator,
although his correct title is the master, he is addressed as “captain”
- The second officer is responsible for the master for keeping the ship’s (she)
course
- The stowage of cargo is the responsible of the chief officer (he/she)
- Maintenance on board is done by ratings (they) under the supervision of
boatswain (he/she)
- The third officer (he/she) is in change of the life – saving equipment
- Ships are designed by Naval Architects (they)
- Ship-owners (they) may also go to independent firm of the shipping consultant
(they) and ask their naval architects to design ships for them
- The queen (she) will launch the tanker tomorrow
- The deck department also includes a boatswain (he/she) a carpenter (he/she)
both petty officer (they) and a number of ratings (they)
-These are made up of able seaman (AB) (they), ordinary seaman (OS) and
middle grade known as officer deck hands (EHD)
- The chief engineer is head of the engine department
- An electrical officer is responsible for electric power
- The engine room petty officers are the store keeper and donkey man
- The catering department is under the chief steward
- Radio officer is responsible for receiving and sending message.

THE VERB

A. A verb is a word that tells something about a person or thing

1) A verb may tell us
what a person or thing does, as
the master laughs
the ship sails
2) what is done to a person or thing, as
the engine is broken
the c/o is ordered
3) what a person or thing is, as
the officer is alive, the greaser is sad
AB feel sorry
A verb often consists of more than one word :
- the officers are working on the bridge
- many problems have been found by the chief engineer
B. A transitive verb and an intransitive verb
A transitive verb is a verb which has an object
- the master orders the chief officer
- the chief engineer controls the main engine
An intransitive verb is a verb which does not have an object
- the ship-owner laughs loudly
- the bosun works on the bridge
- the engineer goes to the engine – room

C. A Regular and Irregular verb

The principle parts of a verbs in English are
1. Present Tense
2. Past Tense
3. Past Participle
4. Present Participle

Regular verb
Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle Present Participle
Walk walked walked working
Laugh laughed laughed laughing
Design designed designed designing
 Irregular verb
Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle Present Participle
Build built built building
Write wrote written writing
Speak spoke spoken speaking
See saw seen seeing
Put put put putting
Know knew known knowing
Drink drank drunk drinking

Use of regular and irregular verbs in tenses

1. Regular verb
1. Simple Present
the chief officer controls
the crew on board everyday
3. Present Perfect Tense
the chief officer has controlled
the crew an board for 2 hours
2. Simple Past Tense
the chief officer controlled
the crew on board yesterday
4. Present Continuous Tense
the chief officer is controlling
the crew on board now
2. Irregular verb
1. Simple Present Tense 2. Simple Past Tense
the master writes a report every month. the master wrote a
report last month.
3. Present Perfect Tense 4. Present
ContinuousTense
the master has written a report for 2 hours. the master is writing a

report now.

Auxiliary verb
As a principle verb
The officer has a lot of money
The ship has many officers and engineers

As auxiliary verb
- the officer have received a lot of money
- the officer must have a lot of money
- the officer shall have a lot of money
- the officer might have a lot of money
-Nowadays they make ships of steel (simple present tense)
-The queen will launch the tanker tomorrow (future tense/auxiliary verb)
-They are painting the hill (present continuous tense)
-The royal navy has ordered two new ships (present perfect tense)
-You can join two piece of metal together by wedding (auxiliary verb)
-People weighed the piece of metal (simple past tense)
-People must prepare the plates properly (auxiliary verb)
-It is also the job of the deck department to see that the cargo is properly stowed in

the holds and kept in good condition during the voyage

-When the ship is not fully loaded the first mate must see that the holds are cleaned

and prepared for their next cargo

-While the engines are running they are safely checked
-The surveyor inspects the life boats and examines their equipment as well
-When the ship undergoes speed trials, she produces her maximum speed
 The Adverb

Read the following sentences

1. Chief offices works quickly
2. This is a very big tanker
3. Bosun speak quite clearly
4. Quickly modifies the verb work
5. Very modifies the adjective big
6. Quite modifies the adverb clearly

Kinds of Adverb

1. Adverb of time : Chief engineer controls the engine everyday

Chief engineer controlled the engine yesterday
Second officer is providing a passage plan now
2. Adverb of number : Third officer has provided safety equipment
twice a
year
Master always orders officer
3. Adverb of place : All engineers work in the engine – room
Officers work on the bridge
4. Adverb of manner : Bosun supervises the crew seriously on board
Deck officer’s jobs is to take a ship safety from
place to place as quickly and
5. Adverb of degree
6. Adverb of reason
7. Adverb of affirmation
: The sea is very stormy
He is too careless to do the job
: The second engineer is therefore discharged
: Probably, the ship well cross the ocean
The fireman certainly refused the officer

Comparison of Adverb

Positive Comparative (er) Superlative (est)

Fast faster fastest
Long longer longest

- Third officer works fast (positive)

- Second officer works faster than third officer (comparative)
- First officer works fastest of all (superlative)

Positive Comparative (more) Superlative

(most)
Skillfully more skillfully most skillfully
Difficultly more difficultly most difficultly

- Donkey man handles the boiler skillfully

- Engineer handles the boiler more skillfully than Donkey man
- Chief engineer handles the boiler most skillfully of all
 Irregular Adverb

Positive Comparative Superlative

Badly worse worst
Well better best
Much more most
Little less least
Near nearer next
Late later last

- Bosun speaks English well

- Chief officer speaks English better than Bosun
- Master speaks English best of all

Formation of Adverb

A. Adverbs of manner are mostly formed from adjective by adding LY

Adjective Adverb
single singly
ready readily
foolish foolishly
quick quickly
happy happily
The engineer is a quick operator
quickly
He is a happy seaman
The master is a wise man
The greaser is a foolish seaman
The engineer operates the engine
He works happily
The master behaves wisely
The greaser does the job foolishly

B. Some Adverbs are made up of a noun and qualifying

adjective as - sometimes - yesterday
- mean while - other wise

C. Some Adverb are compounds of an and a noun as:

- a foot (on foot) - a head - a way
- a sleep - a board

The Preposition

Read
1. There is an engineer in the engine – room
2. Master is fond of coffee
3. Third mate puts the equipment on the table
Sentences 1. Preposition in join a noun ( an engineer) and to another noun (the
engine – room)
Sentences 2. Preposition of joins an adjective (fond) and a noun (coffee)
Sentences 3. Preposition on join a verb (put) and a noun (table)

Kinds of Preposition

1. Simple Preposition
Through across, along, at, by, for, from, in, off, on, out, down, around, till, to, up,
with, away from, out of, by, past, towards, behind, in front of, above, below, over,
under, on top of, underneath.
At - The helmsmen stood at the wheels
- The ship refueled at Denpasar
Away from - The engineer stood away from the flame
- The ship anchored away from other ship
On - The ship stayed on course
- The chart lay on the table
Off - The ship was off course
- The keel was just off the seabed
In - The ship moved in the harbor
Out of - The instrument lay out of their boy
- He stood out of the way of the derrick
Above - The clouds are above the horizon
Below - The cargo is usually stowed below deck
Over - The helicopter hovered over the platform
Under - The student put the flame under the flask
On top of - His suitcase lay on top of his bunk
Underneath - The spanned was found underneath he tarpaulin
To - They took the ferry to Merak
From - MV. Pelni sailed from Belawan
On to - The case fell on to the deck
Off - The launch took off the pilot
Into - The cargo was loaded into the hold
Out of - The cargo was lifted out of the hold
Towards - The ship was driven towards the rocks
Away from - The wood drifted away from the shore
Up - The sailor climbed up the mast
Down - The flag was hauled down
Across - The boat tacked across the bay
Along - The sailed along the coast
Over - The people walked over the bridge
Under - The barge sailed under the bridge
Behind - The plane passed behind the light house
In front of - The gulls flew in front of the light house
(2) Round - The diver swam round the shoal
 Through - The diver swam through the shoal
By - The sailors rowed by the buoy
Past - The sailor rowed past the buoy

The Conjunction

Read the following sentences

1. Passenger liners carry passengers and cargo
2. Cargo liners are designed to carry containerized cargo or conventional cargo
3. Merchant ships are classified by type and trade but warships are classified by
type and size
4. Two and two make four

In sentences 1,2 and 3 : The Conjunctions join together two sentences

In sentences 4 : The Conjunction joins two words only

Some conjunctions are used in pairs as :

Both …. and : some ferries carry both passengers and cars
Not only …. but also : some ferries carry not only passengers but also cars
Either …. or : merchant ships are designed to carry either liquid or dry
cargo
Neither …. nor : the sailor had neither money nor his passport
 Though …. Yet` : though he is suffering much pain yet he does not
Whether .... or : I do not care whether you go or stay

Compound Conjunction

In order that : the notice was published in order that all seaman might know
the fact
On condition : I will forgive you on condition that you do not repeat the offence
So that : the seaman saved his money so that he would buy valuable
things for his wife
Provided that : you can borrow the book provided that you return it soon
As well as : the chief mate as well as the chief engineer were present on
board
As soon as : he took off his shoes as soon as he entered the house
As if : he look as if he is poor

Subordination Conjunction

After : after the storm was over the sun shone out again
Although : although he insults me I still trust him
As : as the master was not on board, they spoke to the chief mate
Because : all seamen worked hard because they were well paid
Before : check the cargo before you load it in the holds
If : you will pass the exam if you work hard
Since : since the shipways promises, the seaman believe it`
That : the equipment that he kept was lost
What : I do not know what he had done
Unless : the ship owners will not pay you unless you work seriously on
board
When : when I was a seaman, I could go round the world
Where : he found his watch where he had left it
How : he does not know how it happened
While : the ship sails while the storm is over
Why : I do know why he left us
Who : I do not know who visited the master yesterday
Whom : he was the man whom I met him in the cinema last night
 The Interjection

Examine the following sentences

Hello! What are you doing now?

Alas! He is dead
Hurrah! We have won the game
Ah! Have they gone
Oh! I got such a fright
Hush! Don’t make a noise

Such word as. Hello, Alas, Hurrah, Ah, Hush, are called Interjections.

Def. An Interjections is a word which expresses

Some sudden feeling or emotion.
 Tense
Present Tense
Simple Present Tense

Form : Affirmative ( + ) active voice

Subject +Verb 1 + Object + Modifier

I write many letters and reports regularly in the office every week
You write many letters and reports regularly in the office every week
We write many letters and reports regularly in the office every week
They write many letters and reports regularly in the office every week
He writes many letters and reports regularly in the office every week
She writes many letters and reports regularly in the office every week
It writes many letters and reports regularly in the office every week
P V A N C N Adv of Adv of Adv of
manner place time
Maritime English

1. Chief engineer controls the main engine and auxiliary engines

P V Adj + N C N

regularly in the engine – room every morning

Adv of P Adv of place Adv of time
manner

2. Marine inspectors inspect the ship and her safety equipment

S V Adj + N Adj + N

regularly on board twice a year

Adv of Adv of Adv of
manner place time
Negative (-)
Form Subject + Do not / Does not + Verb + Object + Modifier

I Do not write many letters and reports regularly in the class everyday
You Do not write many letters and reports regularly in the class everyday
We Do not write many letters and reports regularly in the class everyday
They Do not write many letters and reports regularly in the class everyday

He Does not write many letters and reports regularly in the class
everyday
She Does not write many letters and reports regularly in the class
everyday
It Does not write many letters and reports regularly in the class
everyday

- Chief Engineer does not control the main engine and auxiliary engines regularly
the engine – room every morning
- Officers on watch do not check the cargoes on the holds constantly everyday
Interrogative (?)
Form Do / Does + Subject + Verb + Object + Modifier

I Write many letters and reports regularly in the class everyday?

Do You Write many letters and reports regularly in the class everyday?
We Write many letters and reports regularly in the class everyday?
They Write many letters and reports regularly in the class everyday?

He Write many letters and reports regularly in the class everyday?

Does She Write many letters and reports regularly in the class everyday?
It Write many letters and reports regularly in the class everyday?

Does Chief Engineer control the main engine and auxiliary engines regularly
in the engine – room every morning
Do Officers on watch check the cargoes in the holds constantly everyday
Passive voice (+)
Form Object + to be + Verb3 + By + Subject + Modifier

- Many letters and reports are regularly written by me in class everyday

- Many letters and reports are regularly written by you in class everyday
- Many letters and reports are regularly written by us in class everyday
- Many letters and reports are regularly written by them in class everyday

- The main engine and auxiliary engines are regularly controlled by chief
engineer
- The cargoes are constantly checked by officers on watch

Passive voice (-)

Form Object + to be + Not + Verb3 + By + Subject + Modifier

- Many letters and reports are not regularly written by me in the class everyday
- Many letters and reports are not regularly written by you in the class everyday
- Many letters and reports are not regularly written by us in the class everyday
- Many letters and reports are not regularly written by them in the class
everyday
- Many letters and reports are not regularly written by him in the class everyday
- Many letters and reports are not regularly written by her in the class everyday
- Many letters and reports are not regularly written by it in the class everyday
Passive voice (?)
Form
To be + Object + Verb3 + By + Subject + Modifier
- Are many letters and reports regularly written by me in the class everyday
- Are many letters and reports regularly written by you in the class everyday
- Are many letters and reports regularly written by us in the class everyday
- Are many letters and reports regularly written by them in the class everyday
- Are many letters and reports regularly written by him in the class everyday
- Are many letters and reports regularly written by her in the class everyday
- Are many letters and reports regularly written by it in the class everyday
I. Langkah-langkah merubah kalimat AKTIF menjadi kalimat PASIF
1. Identifikasi kalimat aktif dari : Subject+Verb1+Object+Modifier
Subject= Chief Officer, Verb1= Controls, Object= The Engine,
Modifier= Constantly in the engine room every morning.
2. Susun rumus kalimat pasif : Object+To be+Verb3+by+Subject+Modifier
masukan kata-kata yang sudah diidentifikasi kalimat pasif
Object + To be + Verb3 + by + Subject + Modifier
the main engine is Constantly Checked by chief engineer in the engine room every
morning
3. Perhatikan dalam memasukan kata-kata ke dalam rumus perhatikan
agreement antara Object dengan To be
contohnya:
- the main engine is - the auxliary engines are
Object to be Object to be
Rubah Verb 1 menjadi Verb 3 contoh: - verb 1= control , Verb 3= controlled
(Regular Verb) contoh: - verb 1= write, verb 3= written (irregular verb)
Rubah Subjek pronoun menjadi objek pronoun
contoh : I menjadi me They menjadi them
You menjadi you He menjadi Him
We menjadi us She menjadi Her
It menjadi it