Duration:

Duration:115
115min
min Duration: 115 min Grade: 9 - 12 CCSS, NGSS

CHAPTER TOPIC
LESSON 1 – Stoichiometry
 Learning Objective
Calculate reacting masses, limiting reagents and amount of product for a stated reaction
Learn that molar gas volume for any gas is 24dm3 at r.t.p and use this value for calculations on reactions involving gases
Calculate the percentage composition by mass of a compound and the percentage yield and purity of a product of a given reaction
Understand the different units used to express the concentration of a solution and use them when calculating the concentration of a solution from titration
experiments.

Success Criteria
 To calculate reacting masses and amount of product for a stated reaction
 To tell that molar gas volume for any gas is 24dm3 at r.t.p and use this value for calculations on reactions
involving gases
 To calculate the percentage composition by mass of a compound
 To calculate the percentage yield and purity of a product of a given reaction
 To describe the different units used to express the concentration of a solution
 To calculate the concentration of a solution from titration experiments.
 The Mole and Volume of gas
Avogadro's law

• Avogadro's law: states that equal amount of gas occupy the same volume of space at the same condition of
temperature and pressure

• Molar gas volume at RTP is 24dm3 or 24000cm3

• RTP is room temperature and pressure, the condition is 20oc and 1 atmosphere
 Mole and volume of gas

• Formula triangle showing the relationship between moles of gas, volume in dm3 and the molar volume
 Mole and volume of gas

• Formula triangle showing the relationship between moles of gas, volume in cm3 and the molar volume
 Percentage yield and purity

• Percentage yield: amount of product got from reaction

 Practically, percentage yield cannot be 100% in a reaction for many reasons

• Percentage yield compares the actual yield to the theoretical yield

 Actual yield and theoretical yield

• Actual yield: recorded amount of product obtained

• Theoretical yield: amount of product that would be obtained under perfect practical and chemical condition.

• It is calculated from the balanced equation and the reacting masses

Calculating percentage yield

• Worked example
A student prepared 1.6g of dry copper (II) sulphate crystals . Calculate the percentage yield if the theoretical
yield is 2.0g

• Answer
Actual yield of copper(II) sulfate = 1.6 g
- Percentage yield = actual yield/ theoretical yield x100
Percentage yield of copper(II) sulfate = (1.6 / 2.0) x 100
Percentage yield = 80%
 Percentage purity

• Percentage Purity
• A pure substance has nothing else mixed with it

• To calculate the percentage purity the following equation is used:

• Mass of the pure substance/ total mass of the substance x100

 Calculating Percentage purity

• Worked example
• A sample of lead(II) bromide was made. It weighed 15 g.
• The sample was found to be impure and only contained 13.5 g of lead(II) bromide.
• Calculate the percentage purity of the lead(II) bromide.

• Answer:
The total mass of the substance is 15 g
The mass of the pure substance is 13.5 g
To calculate the percentage purity: (13.5 / 15 ) x 100
Percentage purity= 90 %
 Titration calculations

• Titrations are a method of analysing the concentration of solutions

• Acid-base titrations are one of the most important kinds of titrations

• They can determine exactly how much alkali is needed to neutralise a quantity of acid – and vice versa
 Titration calculations

Formula triangle showing the relationship between concentration, number of moles and volume of liquid
 Titration calculation

• Worked example
A solution of 25.0 cm3 of hydrochloric acid was titrated against a solution of 0.100 mol/dm3 NaOH and 12.1
cm3 were required for complete reaction. Determine the concentration of the acid.

Answer:
Step 1: Write the equation for the reaction:
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

Step 2: Calculate the number of moles of the NaOH

Moles = (volume ÷ 1000) x concentration
Moles of NaOH = 0.012 dm3 x 0.100 mol/dm3 = 1.21 x 10-3 mol
 Titration calculation

Step 3: Deduce the number of moles of the acid

• Since the acid reacts in a 1:1 ratio with the alkali, the number of moles of HCl is also 1.21 x 10-3 mol

• This is present in 25.0 cm3 of the solution (25.0 cm3 = 0.025 dm3)

• Step 4: Find the concentration of the acid

• Concentration = moles ÷ volume (dm3)

• Concentration of HCl =1.21 x 10-3 mol ÷ 0.025 dm3 = 0.0484 mol/dm3

 Practice Questions

1. calculate the number of moles of gas there are in:

a. 480cm3 of argon
b. 48 dm3 of carbon dioxide
2. Calculate the volume in cm3 of the following at r.t.p
a.1.5 moles of nitrogen
b. 0.06 moles of ammonia
3. Calculate the concentration (in mol/dm3) of:
a. 1.0 mol of sodium hydroxide is dissolved in distilled water to make 500cm3 of solution
b. 0.8g of solid sodium hydroxide is dissolved in distilled water to a final volume of 1 dm3
c. (Ar: H=1, O=16, Na=23)