THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Human Anatomy and Physiology II – BIOL153

 Goals/Objectives
 Compare innate and adaptive immune responses
 Describe how innate immune response helps protect a
person from illness
 Explain the functions of antibodies
 Describe the roles of different types of T cells
 What happens to you when you
get sick?
 What are the causes of these

diseases: common colds,

diarrhea, influenza
The lymphatic system and immunity

 A circulatory system for fluids

 returns fluid to the blood

 removes antigens from the body

 exposes antigens to the immune system

 Immune System – Innate vs Adaptive

Innate: Adaptive:
• Nonspecific • Specific
• Responds • Responds
quickly Slowly the
1st time
A. Innate Immune Response

 Non-specific defense system

 Responds immediately

 localized

 Protect body from all foreign

substances
 Body’s first line of defense against infection
 Intact Skin
 Mucous membrane secretions (saliva, acid

pH of skin)
 2nd line of defense

 Inflammatory response
 Natural Killer cells- group of lymphoctes that

kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells

 Phagocytic cells
 Antimicrobial proteins
Inflammatory Response
 Triggered whenever body tissues are
injured
 Cardinal signs:

 Redness
 Heat
 Swelling
 Pain
B. Adaptive Defenses
 Specific – recognizes and targets specific antigens
 Systemic – not restricted to initial site

 Have memory – stronger attacks to "known"

antigens
 3rd line of defense : lymphocytes, macrophages,

antibodies
 Two separate, overlapping arms

 Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

 Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity
Humoral Response/Immunity
 Due to production of B cells that develop and mature
in bone marrow
 Involves production and secretion of antibodies or

immunoglobulins against specific antigens

 Antigen –any substance capable of exciting our

immune system and provoking an immune response

(any foreign body- pollen, bacteria virus, dust)
 Antibodies are produced by cells that secrete them in

the bloodstream or display them in the surface of

some cells , ready to face and combat any antigen
b.Cell-mediated
response/immunity
 Due to production of T cells that develop in bone
marrow and mature in thymus
 Occurs when cytotoxic cells defend the body against
infection
 Has cellular targets: virus-infected tissue cells, cancer
cells, cells of foreign grafts
 Action:
 Direct –lysing foreign cells
 Indirect –release chemicals to enhance inflammatory
response
Antibodies/Immunoglobulins (Ig)
 IgM
 first antibody released
 It coats the pathogen and promotes endocytosis by

macrophages
 IgA (secretory IgA)
 in mucus and other secretions
 Helps prevent entry of pathogens in the

bloodstream
 IgD
 Functions as B cell receptor
 Antibodies

 IgG
 most abundant
 Crosses placenta and provides immunity to fetus
 IgE
 active in some allergies and parasitic infections
3 Major Types of T-cells
 Cytotoxic T-cells
 Recognize virus-infected cells and kill other cells (Virus-
infected cells, Cells with intracellular bacteria or parasites,
Cancer cells, Foreign cells (transfusions or transplants)
 Helper T cells
 Secrete proteins that help other immune cells (B cells,
macrophages, etc) survive and perform their function
 Regulatory T cells
 Control the immune response by turning it off. This
prevents the system from harming the body.
quiz
 1-2. Body’s first line of defense
 3. Immune response that targets specific antigens.
 4. T-cells that recognize virus-infected cells and
cancer cells
 5. Any foreign substance capable of exciting our
immune system and provoking an immune response
 6. Substance produced by the cells to combat a
specific antigen.
 7-10. Cardinal signs of inflammation