General Biology

 Explain the postulates of the cell theory (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-1)

 Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular
organelles (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2 )
 COLOR GAME
10 10 10
10 10 10
10 10 10
All cells have a nucleus.

TRUE FALSE
There is a cell membrane around all cells.

TRUE FALSE
All cells have a cell wall.

TRUE FALSE
Chromosomes are found in the cytoplasm.

TRUE FALSE
The cell membrane controls what the cell will
look like and how it behaves.

TRUE FALSE
The nucleus controls what passes into and out of
a cell.

TRUE FALSE
A nucleus is smaller than a chloroplast.

TRUE FALSE
A chloroplast is larger than a mitochondrion.

TRUE FALSE
All cells have a central cell vacuole filled with
fluid.

TRUE FALSE
GOOD JOB
BETTER LUCK NEXT TIME
Close your eyes and picture a
brick wall. What is the basic
building block of that wall? A
single bring, of course. Like a
brick wall, your body is
composed of basic Building
Blocks . The building blocks of
your body are cells.
VIDEO PRESENTATION
PLEASE WATCH
• How did you find the video?
 Cell Theory
A theory is a set of propositions describing the
operation and causes of natural phenomena. Cell theory
describes where the term “cell” and the other basic
information about the cell came from. Cell is the basic
unit of life. It is the building block of all organisms.
There are organisms that are made up of only one cell
called unicellular organisms. Others are composed of
many cells known as multicellular organisms. But, even
the life of a very huge multicellular organism begins
with a single cell – a sperm cell and an egg cell.
How are these concepts about the cell made known?

• The idea about the cell came up as a

result of different studies conducted by
several biologists from different
countries of the world for about 300
years.
A few of these significant studies are as follows:

➢ Hans and Zacharias Jansen,

Dutch inventors, made the first
simple microscope in 1590.
➢ Robert Hooke, an
Englishman, gave the term
“cell” for the box-like structures
observed in a cork tissue under
the microscope in 1667.
A few of these significant studies are as follows:

 Around 1675, Anton van

Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch
naturalist, observed sperm cells,
red blood cells, bacteria, and
other microscopic organisms in
rainwater after his invention of a
more powerful microscope. A
nucleus was observed within
some of the red blood cells.
A few of these significant studies are as follows:

• ➢ Matthias Schleiden, a German botanist,

• studied plant structures under the
• microscope. In 1838, he stated that all
• plants are composed of cells.
• ➢ In 1839, it was concluded that all animals
• are composed of cells by Theodore
A few of these significant studies are as follows:

 Schwann, a German zoologist. He

studied on animal tissues.
 Jointly, Schleiden and Schwann
proposed that all living things are
made up of cells.
• All cells have three main parts: the cell membrane or plasma
membrane,
• cytoplasm, and nucleus.

NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM

CHROMOSOMES
CELL MEMBRANE
 CELL MEMBRANE
• Cell membrane separates the internal contents of the cell
from its environment. It is a phospholipid bilayer with
proteins embedded in it. As a selectively permeable
membrane, some substances can readily pass through it
while others cannot. The three major functions performed
by the cell membrane are as follows:
• (1) separates the contents of the cell from its environment,
• (2) regulates the passage of materials in and out of the cell,
and
• (3) permits communication with other cells.
 Cytoplasm
• The whole region within the cell membrane is the cytoplasm.
Organelles are found and perform their functions in the
jelly-like substance called cytosol. Various metabolic reactions
like protein synthesis and breakdown of sugar into ATP take
place in the cytoplasm. Other organic materials are found in
the cytoplasm such as glucose and other simple sugars,
polysaccharides, amino acids, nucleic acids, fatty acids, etc.
Sodium, potassium, and calcium ions are also dissolved in
the cytoplasm. Centrioles, cytoskeleton, and plastids are the
specialized organelles in the cytoplasm.
 Nucleus
• Nucleus is the third main part of the
cell. It is generally oval in shape,
covered with a nuclear membrane or
envelope. It is the control center of
the cell that regulates and
coordinates all activities of the cell.
 Chromosomes
Chromosomes are found in the
nucleus. Within the chromosomes are
DNA that make up the gene that
bears the hereditary traits.
 The cell theory states that the cell is the basic unit of life. To be able to
perform its function, the cell contains cytoplasm structures called
organelles. The following are the basic organelles found in the cytoplasm.

• Mitochondria are the sites for the

breakdown of sugar molecules into
adenosine triphosphate or ATP, which
is the main source of energy in the
body.
 Ribosomes
• Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. The
coded message from DNA as to what kind of
protein is to be synthesized is carried by the mRNA
or Messenger Ribonucleic Acid from the nucleus to
the ribosome.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) consists
of flattened sheets, sacs, and tubes of
membranes that extend throughout
the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It is
structurally continuous with the
nuclear membrane, and it specializes
in the transport of lipids and
membrane proteins.
 Golgi apparatus.
• A system of flattened, membrane-
bound sacs that looks like stack of
pancakes is the Golgi apparatus. Its
function is to modify, sort, and pack
macromolecules for secretion or for
transport to other organelles.
Rounded vesicles are associated to
the Golgi apparatus that pinched off
from its flattened sacs and carry the
materials to other parts of the cell.
 LYSOSOME
Lysosome is also produced by the Golgi
apparatus. It is a membrane- bound
organelle that comes in various sizes and
shapes. Lysosomes contain numerous
hydrolytic or digestive enzymes for the
breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins,
and fats within the cell. Thus, they are
known as “digestive sacs.” Destruction
or repair of defective parts of the cell is
another function of lysosomes.
 Peroxisomes.
• Another membrane-bound vesicle
that contain oxidative enzymes are the
peroxisomes. Enzymes responsible for
oxidizing certain molecules to form
hydrogen peroxide are found in
peroxisomes. They are abundantly
found in liver cells, where fats and
lipids are metabolized. In plants, they
convert fatty acids into sugars needed
by growing seedlings during seed
germination.
 Vacuoles
• Vacuoles are large storage sacs in cells. The
smaller ones are called vesicles. In animals,
some vacuoles function for storage of water
or food,while others are for excretion of
waste materials. Vacuoles in plants occupy
up to 95% of the cell volume. Intracellular
digestion, space filling, and control of cell
turgor are some of the functions of vacuoles
in plants. They contain water, sugar, salts,
and anthocyanin pigment. Toxic molecules
are present that protect plants from
herbivorous animals.
 centrosome
• Outside the nucleus of animal cells is
found the centrosome. It consists of two
rod-shaped centrioles which are at right
angle to each other. They replicate
before cell division resulting into two
pairs of centrioles that later move apart
becoming part of the newly formed cells.
They are believed to function in the
formation of spindle fibers.
 Cytoskeleton
A network of interconnected protein
filaments that extends throughout the
cytoplasm is the cytoskeleton that
provides the cell’s structural support.
It is responsible for cell shape and
motility.
 Plastids
• Plastids are large membrane-bound organelle found in plant
cells.
They have three classifications.
• The first is the chloroplast, the green-colored plastid which is
caused by the green pigment called chlorophyll and is the site
for photosynthesis.
• The second are chromoplasts, colored plastids other than green.
These are specialized to synthesize and store carotenoid
pigments such as red, orange, and yellow.
• The third are leucoplasts, the colorless plastid that contain
stored food.
 CELL WALL
Another organelle found in plant cells
only is the cell wall. It protects and
supports the cells of the plants.
 Interesting Facts about Cells
• An average adult has around 30 trillion cells in the body.
• Thousands of new cells are replicated (copied) from old ones every
day.
• Old cells that are worn-out or damaged are replaced by the new cells.
• To sustain the cellular and overall health is to provide raw materials
which are obtained from the nutrients in the food eaten for the
creation of new cells.
• Certain nutrients also protect the cells from damage, and nutrients in
foods support the body's energy production machinery.
• What is the importance of our lesson?
Clincher: How well the cells function, the quality and
integrity of the new cells
created in the body, depend on the nutrients
provided to the cells on a daily
basis. In short, following a healthful diet help
maintain cells and avoid chronic
diseases.