G.S.S.

SCHOOL,
KALYAN
 PREPARED BY:
• RAJVIR KAUR
• RUPINDER KAUR
• JYOTI
FORCE
 FORCE
In physics, force is an influence that may cause a body to
accelerate. It may be experienced as a lift, a push, or a pull,
and has a magnitude and a direction. The actual acceleration
of the body is determined by the vector sum of all forces
acting on it (known as net force or resultant force). In an
extended body, it may also cause rotation or deformation of
the body. Rotational effects and deformation are determined
respectively by the torques and stresses that the forces
create.
Force is a vector quantity defined as the rate of change of
the momentum of the body that would be induced by that
force acting alone. Since momentum is a vector, the force
has a direction associated with it.
 HISTORY
• Force was first described by Archimedes.
• Galileo Galilei used rolling balls to disprove the
Aristotelian theory of motion (1602 - 1607)
• Isaac Newton is credited for giving the first
mathematical definition of force. However, he
understood that the definition is not physically
correct.
• Charles Coulomb is credited for experimental
discovery of the inverse square law of interaction
between electric charges using torsion balance
(1784).
• Henry Cavendish's in 1798 measured the force of
gravity between two masses
 QUANTITATIVE
DEFINITION
Force is defined as the rate of change of momentum
with time:
The quantity (where M is the mass and
is the velocity) is called the momentum. This is the
only definition of force known in physics (first
proposed by Newton himself). If the mass m is
constant in time, then Newton's second law can be
derived from this definition:

where is the acceleration.

 FORCE IN
SPECIAL
RELATIVITY
In the special theory of relativity mass and energy are
equivalent (as can be seen by calculating the work required
to accelerate a body). When an object's velocity increases so
does its energy and hence its mass equivalent (inertia). It
thus requires a greater force to accelerate it the same amount
than it did at a lower velocity. The definition
remains valid, but the momentum is given by:

where v is the velocity and c is the speed of light.

 FORCE AND
POTENTIAL
Instead of a force, the mathematically equivalent concept of a
potential energy field can be used for convenience. For instance,
the gravitational force acting upon a body can be seen as the
action of the gravitational field that is present at the body's
location. Restating mathematically the definition of energy (via
definition of work), a potential field is defined as that
field whose gradient is equal and opposite to the force produced
at every point:

Forces can be classified as conservative or nonconservative.

Conservative forces are equivalent to the gradient of a potential,
and include gravity, electromagnetic force, and spring force.
Nonconservative forces include friction and drag. However, for
any sufficiently detailed description, all forces are conservative.
TYPES OF FORCE
Many forces exist:
The Coulomb force (between electrical charges),
gravitational force (between masses),
Magnetic force, frictional forces, centrifugal forces
(in rotating reference frames)
Spring force, magnetic forces, tension, chemical
bonding and contact forces to name a few.
Only four fundamental forces of nature are
known:
The strong force, The electromagnetic force, The
weak force, and The gravitational force.

All other forces can be reduced to these

fundamental interactions.
 UNITS OF
MEASUREMENT
In applications such as
• Thrust of jet and rocket engines
• Spoke tension of bicycles
• Draw weight of bows
• Torque wrenches in units such as "meter kilograms"
or "kilogram centimetres" (the kilograms are rarely
identified as units of force)
• Engine torque output (kgf·m expressed in various
word orders, spellings, and symbols)
• Pressure gauges in "kg/cm²" or "kgf/cm²"
 CONVERSIONS
Below are several conversion factors between
various measurements of force:
• 1 dyne = 10-5 newtons
• 1 kgf (kilopond kp) = 9.80665 newtons
• 1 metric slug = 9.80665 kg
• 1 lbf = 32.174 poundals
• 1 slug = 32.174 lb
• 1 kgf = 2.2046 lbf
 GUIDED BY:
• MANU VAISH