Construction of Cell

Cell is a smallest unit of structure and function.Cell

was first discovered by Robert hook in 1665.He
discovered the cell while he was doing experiment
on piece of cork .Cork was made up of thousand
small six sided boxes.They were looking like a hive
of a honey bee .Robert hook named these boxes
as cell .
 Cells are of two types
Prokaryotic cell : Cells without nucleus
.In these cells small organelles are less.
Eukaryotic cell : Cells with nucleus .
Small organelles are present in these
cells.
 Cell Shape : Different cells are different in
shape . Amoeba and R.B.C always keeps
on changing their shape. Some cells are
round, some are long and some are
branched in shape.
Cell Size : Some plant and animal cells are
so small that we cannot see them with
naked eyes.Smallest cell is of mycoplasma.
Its size from 0.1 micrometre to 0.5
micrometre Bacteria are from 0.5 to 5 mm in
size.
Birds egg cell are largest cells.
 Structure of cell :
Cells are so small that they cannot be
seen with naked eye.
Cell is having cytoplasm in the centre
.Surrounded by cell membrane's cell is
having different cell parts.
 Cell Parts
Cell wall : Outermost Layer of cell. It
gives shape to cell . It protect the cell
from external injuries.
2 .Cell membrane : Every cell is covered by
thin ,soft,living three layered membrane
known as cell membrane .
This membrane is porous s allows only
selected particles to enter the cell .
It protect the cell from injury.
3 .Cytoplasm : The space between the
cell membrane and nucleus is having
cytoplasm . It is having water salt of
sodium,Potassium, Amno acid,
carbohydrate , fats, Proteins small cell
organelles .
4 Nucleus :It is round in shape and is present in
centre. It is covered by nuclear membrane
nucleoplasm , nucleolus and Chromatin
material is present in nucleus . Nuclealus can
be one or more than one in number . They
donot have any membrane . They have
Proteins and R.N.A. in them . Cromatin are
thread like made up of Proteins and D.N.A
Genes are present on chromosomes
Functions of nucleus-Nucleus controls all the
reactions. So it is knows as controls centre of
cell
-In nucleus chromatin material is responsible for
variations
 5 Endoplasmic Reticulum: It complex network
surrounded by membrane .It is present in
cytoplasm and is attached to plasma
membrane and nucleus membrane .
Functions-
1 It divides the cytoplasm into small units . It
provides rigidity to cell .
2 It is responsible for transport of material in the
cell.
3 Many enzymes are present in it .
4 Plane Endoplasmic Reticulum made
Asprin,pesticides,pollutant, poison free.
6 Ribosome’s: They are present in both
prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. In
prokaryotic cells they can be found floating
in cell material, Ribosome is made up of 2
units , small sub-unit, large sub-unit
Ribosome are made up of protein and
RNA function . they synthesize protein so
are known as protein factories of cell.
7 Mitochondria : They are sausage
shaped but they can be like tape or rod ,
mitochondria has two membrane plane
outer membrane , inner membrane have
aristae on them . crystal are present in
inner matrix Mitochondria has lipids ,
protein , DNA and RNA .
8 Golgi Apparatus : Except RBC &
Sperms they are present in centrioles .
they are absent in prokaryotic cells .
cisterns are present on them Vasicles are
present filled with liquid.
9 Plastids : these small organelles are
present only in plan cells they are of three
types
1) chloroplast 2) chloroplast 3) leucoplast
Chloroplast are plastids of green color they
have a pigment chlorophyll necessary for
photosynthesis .
they have two membranes
1) Granna 2) Stroma
10 Coatrosomes : It is present near the
nucleus .it is having two centrioles . every
centriols is made up of microtubule.
During cell division centriols reach towards
opposite poles
11 Lysosomes : They Known as Suicidal
bags because in lysosomes enzymes are
present which eats cell organelles .
12 Vacuoles : They are surrounded by
membranes and filled by liquid . in animals
cells vacuoles are small. in plants cells
Small vacuoles join together to make a
large vacuoles