3D seismic acquisition in

Transition zones (TZ) and OBC

areas

2. Processing Overview
 3D Seismic Acquisition in TZ and OBC
1. Principle
Source Receiver
Surface
Sea floor
Refractor

Reflector

cdp
Stack

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 3D Seismic Acquisition in TZ and OBC
2. Raw data

315 km2
50,000 shots
36,000,000 traces
900m 90,000,000,000 samples

4,450m

OBC Hydrophone-Gun
0.5s

2.5s
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3D Seismic Acquisition in TZ and OBC
Refraction 3. Analysis of a record

Source Surface

Receivers Sea bed

Ambient noise, Refractor

ground roll

Signal

Reflector

Noise
Signal: events of low amplitude: Need for redundancy
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3D Seismic Acquisition in TZ and OBC
4. Noise

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3D Seismic Acquisition in TZ and OBC
4. Noise attenuation

6
3D Seismic Acquisition in TZ and OBC
5. Statics anomalies

Surface

LVL

Interface
400m/s, 5m =>25ms TWT
1000m/s, 5m =>10ms TWT

15ms

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 3D Seismic Acquisition in TZ and OBC
5. Statics corrections
No Statics Applied Statics Applied

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3D Seismic Acquisition in TZ and OBC
5. Statics corrections
2D seismic acquired in 1969.

2D line acquired in 1999.

Note the critical effect of
the modern day delta. Water
bottom covered with mud
carried by delta evolution.
Basic statics solution applied.

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3D Seismic Acquisition in TZ and OBC
5. Statics corrections

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3D Seismic Acquisition in TZ and OBC
6. Velocity analysis

Source Receiver

(Not at scale, not real. Only for illustration)

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 3D Seismic Acquisition in TZ and OBC
7. Deconvolution
Mixed traces: airgun, explosive,…

Interface
Second leg
Amplitude Phase
Different amplitude and content Frequency
for the same gun shot and Different frequency contents
geophones in variable water depths between gun and explosive shots

Very shallow Explosive Gun

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3D Seismic Acquisition in TZ and OBC
7. Deconvolution

No Decon Applied Before Decon

24 ms Gapped Decon After Decon

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3D Seismic Acquisition in TZ and OBC
8. Multiples Attenuation

Surface (OBC case) Surface

Bottom

Reflector Reflector

Deconvolution
Move Out
Radon space

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3D Seismic Acquisition in TZ and OBC
Geophone 9. Receiver ghost
-1

G H
Ghost
+ - Sea bottom receiver

+ +
Primary

Hydrophone Summation

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3D Seismic Acquisition in TZ and OBC
10. Migration
O S,R x

M m
Q
Z
N q
n

t
Stack without migration (zero-offset section)

In case of lateral velocity variations,

migration is applied after conversion of
time to depth.

Stack after time migration

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3D Seismic Acquisition in TZ and OBC
11. Interpretation

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3D Seismic Acquisition in TZ and OBC

See “ProcessingShop.mpg
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3D Seismic Acquisition in TZ and OBC

Is it the result
expected from
processing ?

Not really, it
should be more
as

Even with
some noise…

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 3D Seismic Acquisition in TZ and OBC

Acquisition is one phase of the client project which includes interpretation and data
processing. Interpretation is internally updated, revised, enhanced on a daily basis.
Processing is performed just after data is acquired and sometimes repeated one or
more times after few years. Acquisition is not repeated .

For OBC data, there is a 20-50++ ratio between acquisition and processing costs.

Seismic processing contractors are usually satisfied with the denoise tools they
propose. However, many in the companies side believe that seismic data processing
should only consist in two steps: migration and stack.

It is up to the acquisition crews to produce data of high quality, ready for these two
steps.

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 3D Seismic Acquisition in TZ and OBC
Test 583 1280 Between B a nd C 2500
NotAPoint 583 1420 Not on interface Build a series of five reflection coefficients shaped as Ricker wavelet,
3000 Individual traces
and add random noises
Zero-offset secti on 3500
Di ffracti ons
x dx z Xcdp t(s) B C D Tes t NotAPoi nt Parameters (in blue)
0.000 25.000 1000.000 0.000 1.000 1.031 1.605 2.149 1.406 1.535 0.000 500.000 1000.000 1500.000 2000.000 dT(ms)= 1
25.000 25.000 1000.000 25.000 1.000 1.025 1.594 2.127 1.396 1.525 Freq= 45 40 30 25 20
0.000
50.000 25.000 1000.000 50.000 1.000 1.020 1.583 2.105 1.386 1.516 Zero-offset section Time(ms 50 155 220 280 350 (between 0 a nd 500)
0.200 Ampli= 0.15 0.19 -0.22 -0.2 0.15
75.000 25.000 1000.000 75.000 1.000 1.015 1.572 2.083 1.377 1.508
100.000 25.000 1000.000 100.000 1.000 1.011 1.561 2.061 1.368 1.500
0.400
125.000 25.000 1000.000 125.000 1.000 1.008 1.551 2.040 1.359 1.492 0.600 Five Ricker wavelets
150.000 25.000 1000.000 150.000 1.000 1.005 1.541 2.018 1.351 1.484 0.800
175.000 25.000 1000.000 175.000 1.000 1.003 1.532 1.996 1.343 1.477 1.000
200.000 25.000 1000.000 200.000 1.000 1.001 1.522 1.975 1.336 1.470 1.200 RMS
225.000 25.000 1000.000 225.000 1.000 1.000 1.514 1.953 1.329 1.464 # Noise Signa l S+N Tra ce T-(S+N) S/N (dB)
1.400
250.000 32.635 1000.000 1089.100 1.305 1.000 1.505 1.932 1.322 1.458 1 0.0893617 0.1269968 0.1098037 0.1616028 0.1185691 3.1
1.600 2 0.1031914 0.1269968 0.1157079 0.1689941 0.1231693 1.8
282.635 32.635 1027.384 1144.713 1.341 1.001 1.495 1.904 1.315 1.451
315.270 32.635 1054.768 1200.326 1.377 1.002 1.485 1.876 1.307 1.445 1.800 3 0.0949463 0.1269968 0.1121227 0.1600539 0.114218 2.5
347.906 32.635 1082.153 1255.939 1.413 1.005 1.475 1.849 1.301 1.439 2.000 4 0.0959627 0.1269968 0.1125545 0.1630094 0.1179133 2.4
380.541 32.635 1109.537 1311.553 1.448 1.008 1.467 1.821 1.296 1.434 5 0.1016804 0.1269968 0.1150371 0.1469295 0.0914043 1.9
413.176 32.635 1136.921 1367.166 1.484 1.013 1.459 1.794 1.291 1.430 6 0.105143 0.1269968 0.1165831 0.1879772 0.1474578 1.6
445.811 32.635 1164.305 1422.779 1.520 1.019 1.452 1.767 1.287 1.426 0.000 500.000 1000.000 1500.000 2000.000 7 0.1157077 0.1269968 0.1214834 0.1766929 0.1283049 0.8
478.446 32.635 1191.689 1478.392 1.556 1.026 1.445 1.740 1.284 1.423 0.000 8 0.1007388 0.1269968 0.1146222 0.1541288 0.1030409 2.0
511.081 32.635 1219.073 1534.005 1.591 1.034 1.440 1.714 1.282 1.421 9 0.092366 0.1269968 0.1110398 0.1524009 0.1043848 2.8
Zero-off set section + B,C,D diffractors
543.717 32.635 1246.458 1589.619 1.627 1.042 1.434 1.687 1.280 1.420 10 0.1042809 0.1269968 0.1161953 0.1589509 0.1084621 1.7
576.352 32.635 1273.842 1645.232 1.663 1.052 1.430 1.661 1.280 1.420 0.500 11 0.0887369 0.1269968 0.1095501 0.1566356 0.1119531 3.1
608.987 32.635 1301.226 1700.845 1.699 1.062 1.427 1.635 1.280 1.420 12 0.0956737 0.1269968 0.1124314 0.1663098 0.1225484 2.5
641.622 32.635 1328.610 1756.458 1.734 1.074 1.424 1.609 1.281 1.421 13 0.0997516 0.1269968 0.1141897 0.1490621 0.0958134 2.1
674.257 32.635 1355.994 1812.072 1.770 1.086 1.422 1.584 1.283 1.422 1.000 14 0.0936169 0.1269968 0.1115624 0.16048 0.1153589 2.6
706.893 32.635 1383.378 1867.685 1.806 1.099 1.420 1.559 1.286 1.425 15 0.0957723 0.1269968 0.1124734 0.1581642 0.111201 2.5
739.528 32.635 1410.763 1923.298 1.842 1.113 1.420 1.534 1.289 1.428 16 0.106932 0.1269968 0.1173939 0.1742213 0.1287312 1.5
772.163 26.604 1411.483 258.425 1.502 1.128 1.420 1.509 1.294 1.432 1.500 17 0.0957391 0.1269968 0.1124593 0.1669261 0.1233582 2.5
798.767 26.604 1401.800 288.554 1.492 1.141 1.420 1.490 1.298 1.436 18 0.1027467 0.1269968 0.1155099 0.1748881 0.1313138 1.8
825.372 26.604 1392.117 318.683 1.481 1.154 1.422 1.470 1.302 1.440 19 0.08108 0.1269968 0.1065415 0.1403673 0.0913887 3.9
851.976 26.604 1382.434 348.812 1.471 1.167 1.423 1.451 1.308 1.445 2.000 20 0.0927867 0.1269968 0.111215 0.167607 0.1253926 2.7
878.581 26.604 1372.750 378.940 1.461 1.181 1.425 1.431 1.313 1.450
905.185 26.604 1363.067 409.069 1.451 1.196 1.428 1.412 1.320 1.456 RMS
931.790 26.604 1353.384 439.198 1.440 1.210 1.431 1.394 1.326 1.462 2.500 # Noise Signa l S+N Tra ce T-(S+N) S/N (dB)
958.394 26.604 1343.701 469.327 1.430 1.225 1.435 1.375 1.334 1.468 Stack-5 0.0412277 0.1269968 0.0944138 0.1332419 0.0940183 9.8 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
984.998 26.604 1334.017 499.456 1.420 1.241 1.439 1.357 1.341 1.475 I n red: di ffracti on curves of points B a nd D Sta ck-10 0.0323891 0.1269968 0.0926748 0.1328727 0.0952183 11.9
1011.603 26.604 1324.334 529.585 1.409 1.257 1.443 1.339 1.349 1.483 I n Green di ffra cti on curve of point C Sta ck-20 0.021487 0.1269968 0.0910766 0.1314954 0.0948477 15.4 Sta ck 5
1038.207 26.604 1314.651 559.714 1.399 1.273 1.449 1.322 1.358 1.491 I n Blue: s a mpl es of refl ections Original 0 0.1269968 0.0898003 0.1269968 0.0898003 -
Sta ck 10
1064.812 26.604 1304.968 589.842 1.389 1.290 1.454 1.305 1.367 1.499
1091.416 26.604 1295.284 619.971 1.378 1.307 1.460 1.288 1.377 1.508
1 N 2 Sta ck 20
1118.021 26.604 1285.601 650.100 1.368 1.324 1.466 1.271 1.387 1.517 RMS level of trace T of N samples ti: RMST   . ti
1144.625 26.604 1275.918 680.229 1.358 1.342 1.473 1.255 1.397 1.526 N i 1 Energy
1171.230 26.604 1266.235 710.358 1.347 1.360 1.481 1.239 1.408 1.536 Ori ginal
Assumptions:
1197.834 26.604 1256.552 740.487 1.337 1.378 1.489 1.223 1.420 1.547 Migra tion:
1224.438 26.604 1246.868 770.616 1.327 1.396 1.497 1.208 1.431 1.558
1. Signal (S) and random noise (N) have no cross-coherency or no semblance: they do not
Point C wil l be reconstructe d by s umma tion of the s a mpl es (in bl ue) a l ong the diffra ction hyperbola (green) a nd s et a t the a pex.
1251.043 26.604 1237.185 800.744 1.317 1.415 1.505 1.194 1.443 1.569 Points B a nd D will be recons tructed by summati on of the sa mples (in blue) a long the corresponding diffra ction hyperbola (red) correlate.
and set a They are orthogonal (their cross-correlation function iszero.
t the apex.
1277.647 26.604 1227.502 830.873 1.306 1.434 1.514 1.179 1.456 1.580 Sa me for a ll the points of the pla ne of the secti on: Point Tes t recons tructed by bold gre en curve; "NotAPoint" on thin green curve. 2. Same situation between two series of random noise.
1304.252 26.604 1217.819 861.002 1.296 1.453 1.524 1.165 1.469 1.592 The current sample (ti) of the trace is sum of signal (si) and noise (n i) terms: t i  si  ni
1330.856 26.604 1208.135 891.131 1.286 1.472 1.534 1.152 1.482 1.604
0.000 500.000 1000.000 1500.000 2000.000 Contribution of this sample to the energy ofthe trace: t 2  s 2  n 2  2.s .n
1357.461 26.604 1198.452 921.260 1.275 1.492 1.544 1.139 1.496 1.617 i i i i i
1384.065 26.604 1188.769 951.389 1.265 1.512 1.555 1.126 1.510 1.630 0.000
1410.670 26.604 1179.086 981.517 1.255 1.532 1.566 1.114 1.524 1.643 Zero-off set section + 3 diffractors
1437.274
1463.878
26.604
26.604
1169.403
1159.719
1011.646
1041.775
1.244
1.234
1.552
1.573
1.577
1.589
1.103
1.092
1.538
1.553
1.657
1.670 0.500
The total energy of the trace is : t i2   s  n
i
2
i
2
 2. si .ni   si2   ni2
according to the first assumption. Or:
1490.483 26.604 1150.036 1071.904 1.224 1.593 1.601 1.082 1.569 1.685
1517.087 26.604 1140.353 1102.033 1.214 1.614 1.614 1.072 1.584 1.699 RMST 2  RMS S 2  RMSN 2
1543.692 26.604 1130.670 1132.162 1.203 1.635 1.626 1.062 1.600 1.714 1.000 …
1570.296 26.604 1120.986 1162.291 1.193 1.656 1.640 1.054 1.616 1.729
1596.901 26.604 1111.303 1192.419 1.183 1.678 1.653 1.046 1.632 1.744
1623.505 26.604 1101.620 1222.548 1.172 1.699 1.667 1.038 1.649 1.760 1.500
Stacks:
1650.110 26.604 1091.937 1252.677 1.162 1.721 1.681 1.031 1.666 1.776
At a given time of index i, the signal part s i is the same in all traces. The noise part in trace j
1676.714 26.604 1082.253 1282.806 1.152 1.742 1.695 1.025 1.683 1.792 P
is nj,i. Stacking P traces results at time i in stack trace R i with
1703.318 26.604 1072.570 1312.935 1.141 1.764 1.710 1.020 1.701 1.808 2.000 Ri  P .si   n j ,i
1729.923 26.604 1062.887 1343.064 1.131 1.786 1.725 1.015 1.718 1.825 j 1
1756.527 26.604 1053.204 1373.193 1.121 1.808 1.740 1.011 1.736 1.842
2.500 The contribution of this sample to the energy of the stack trace is, considering assumptions
1783.132 26.604 1043.521 1403.321 1.110 1.830 1.756 1.007 1.754 1.859
1 and 2: P
1809.736 26.604 1033.837 1433.450 1.100 1.853 1.771 1.004 1.772 1.876 2
Ri  P .si   n j ,i
2 2 2
1836.341 26.604 1024.154 1463.579 1.090 1.875 1.788 1.002 1.791 1.893
j 1
1862.945 26.604 1014.471 1493.708 1.080 1.898 1.804 1.001 1.810 1.911 P
1889.550
1916.154
26.604
25.000
1004.788
1000.000
1523.837
1916.154
1.069
1.000
1.920
1.943
1.820
1.837
1.000
1.000
1.829
1.848
1.929
1.947 Amplitude is not res pected in every curve.
Considering an average level for all the noise terms n
j 1
2
j ,i  P .ni2
N N N
1941.154 25.000 1000.000 1941.154 1.000 1.965 1.853 1.001 1.866 1.964
1966.154 25.000 1000.000 1966.154 1.000 1.986 1.869 1.002 1.884 1.982
The energy of the stack is: R
i 1
i
2
 P . s  P . n
2

i1
2
i
i 1
i
2

See “Migration.xlsx” and “Stack.xlsx”

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