Graphs of Exponential functions

What can you predict about the graph of where a > 1 ?

• About the shape / trend ?

• Can x be negative ? Can y be negative ?
• Where does graph cut the y-axis ?
• Where does it cut the x-axis ?
Graphs of Exponential functions

What can you predict about the graph of where a > 1 ?

• About the shape / trend ?

• Can x be negative ? Can y be negative ?
• Where does graph cut the y-axis ?
• Where does it cut the x-axis ?
Graphs of Exponential functions

What can you predict about the graph of where a > 1 ?

• About the shape / trend ?

• Can x be negative ? Can y be negative ?
• Where does graph cut the y-axis ?
• Where does it cut the x-axis ?

• Shape of ‘exponential growth’ – size

of base indicates steepness
• Horizontal asymptote at y = 0
• Y-intercept is (0,1)
• Domain is R

• Range is R+
Graphs of Exponential functions

What can you predict about the graph of where 0 < a < 1

eg.

• About the shape / trend ?

• Can x be negative ? Can y be negative ?
• Where does graph cut the y-axis ?
• Where does it cut the x-axis ?
Graphs of Exponential functions

What can you predict about the graph of where 0 < a < 1

eg.

• About the shape / trend ?

• Can x be negative ? Can y be negative ?
• Where does graph cut the y-axis ?
• Where does it cut the x-axis ?

SAME AS  decay
 Transformations of Exponential functions

Basic function

Transformed function
 Transformations of Exponential functions

Vertical shift – k
units upwards
‘new asymptote’

Dilation factor of b Dilation factor of

Horizontal shift - h units
from x-axis from y-axis
to the right

a is rate of growth or decay

‘doubling’, or tripling etc.
Transformations of Exponential functions

1
𝑛
 Transformations of Exponential functions

Key features to identify when sketching graphs

• the asymptote
• the y-intercept
• the x-intercept, if there is one
• the expected shape (growth or decay)
 Transformations

 Get onto DESMOS

Can put in general form of equation
and adjust variables values to see effects

 Textbook  Go through worked examples 9, 10,11 in 10.4 from page 608

 See also following webpage : http://www.mathguide.com/lessons3/ExpFunctionsTrans.html

A B
D
C

FUNCTION LETTER

E y = 2x
y=x
F G
y = (2)x

y = 3.2x-1

H y = = 2x + 3
y = 2x+1 -3
y = - x-2 +1
After completing table, y = = -2x + 2
write the Range for each function
FUNCTION LETTER
y = 2x B
y=x F

y = (2)x C

y = 3.2x-1 G
y = = 2x + 3 A
y = 2x+1 -3 D
y = - x-2 +1 E
y = = -2x + 2 H
 Range ) both
Range )
Range )

FUNCTION LETTER
Range ) Range ) y = 2x B
y=x F

y = (2)x C

y = 3.2x-1 G

Range ) Range )
y = = 2x + 3 A
y = 2x+1 -3 D
y = - x-2 +1 E
y = = -2x + 2 H
Setwork

Exercise 10.4 pg 614

DOSO Q1-20
Applications of Exponential functions
 Exponential Growth
eg. Bacterial Population Growth

t=0 20
t=1 21
t=2 22

t=3 23

Population doubles 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛=2 𝑡

every ‘time period’
Exponential growth

The number of fruit flies, N, in a colony after t days of observations

modelled by;

a) How many fruit flies in colony when first observed ?

b) How many after 5 days ?

c) How many days for population to double from initial value ?

Exponential growth
The number of fruit flies, N, in a colony after t days of observations modelled
by;

a) How many fruit flies in colony when first observed ?

Substitute t=0 fruit flies at start

b) How many after 5 days ?

c) How many days for population to double from initial value ?

‘doubling box’ , so exponent must increase by 1 to double Number
At t=0  exponent =0
At what value of t does exponent go up to 1 ?
 𝑁 =2𝑥

𝑁 =20.072 𝑥
. (2,4)
(0,1) . (1,2)
 𝑁 =2𝑥

𝑁 =20.072 𝑥
. (2,4)
(0,1) . (1,2) .
(~14,2)
 𝑁 =2𝑥

(~28,4)
. (2,4) .
(0,1) . (1,2) .
(~14,2)
𝑁 =20.072 𝑥
 𝑁 =2𝑥

𝑁 =20.072 𝑥

Dilation factor =
Dilation factor =
A vertical dilation can look 𝑁 =30 ×2 𝑥
( 𝑥+5 )
similar to a horizontal 𝑁 =2
shift

𝑁 =2𝑥
A vertical dilation can look 𝑁 =30 ×2 𝑥
( 𝑥+5 )
similar to a horizontal 𝑁 =2
shift

What function would give

an identical graph to
𝑁 =2𝑥
?
A vertical dilation can look 𝑁 =30 ×2 𝑥
( 𝑥+5 )
similar to a horizontal 𝑁 =2
shift

What function would give

an identical graph to
𝑁 =2𝑥
?
Exponential growth

A bacterial colony has about 2000 bacteria. The number of bacteria triples every
day. Assuming that growth continues in this way, find out how many bacteria will
be in the colony

a) After 5 days b) after 60 hours

If colony tripled every 4 days instead of every day, how would this change growth
function ?
Exponential growth
A bacterial colony has about 2000 bacteria. The number of bacteria triples every
day. Assuming that growth continues in this way, find out how many bacteria will
be in the colony

a) After 5 days b) after 60 hours

solution
model using exponential growth function (
Base a  Growth factor = 3 every day
Coefficient b  Initial value =2000
therefore function is

b) substitute d=5

c) substitute d=
Exponential growth

A bacterial colony has about 2000 bacteria. The number of bacteria triples every
day. Assuming that growth continues in this way, find out how many bacteria will
be in the colony

If colony tripled every 4 days instead of every day, how would this change growth
function ?

Exponent would increase by 1 every 4 days, so

(or could view as horizontal dilation factor of 4

Dilation factor = , so , )
 Transformations of Exponential functions

Vertical shift – k
units upwards
‘new asymptote’

Dilation factor of b Dilation factor of

Horizontal shift - h units
from x-axis from y-axis
to the right

a is rate of growth or decay

‘doubling’, or tripling etc.
 Exponential Decay
eg. Radioactive decay

Quantity of Plutonium halves every 80 million

years as it decays into Uranium
Exponential Decay
eg. Radioactive decay
Number of
half-lives

t=0 20

t=1 2− 1

t=2 2−2
t=3 2− 3
t=4 2− 4

Remaining mass or

Remaining mass x
Exponential decay

The decay of a radioactive substance is modelled by;

where Q is the amount of substance present at time t years and Q0

and k are positive constants.

a) Show that the constant is the initial mass of the substance

b) If the half-life of the radioactive substance is 100 years, calculate k

to one significant figure

c) If there was 25kg of the substance initially, calculate how m,any kg

would decay in 10 years
The decay of a radioactive substance is modelled by
where Q is the amount of substance present at time t years and Q 0 and k are positive
constants.

a) Show that the constant is the initial mass of the substance

Substitute t=0 into eqn 

The decay of a radioactive substance is modelled by
where Q is the amount of substance present at time t years and Q 0 and k are positive
constants.

b) If the half-life of the radioactive substance is 100 years, calculate k to one significant
figure

….eqn 1 By definition of half-life

…..eqn 2 Substituting t=100 into eqn.

So, =
= … can use Solve in CAS here k~ 0.007

textbook gives…
& change to base 10 using change of base formula see page 618
Exponential decay

The decay of a radioactive substance is modelled by;

where Q is the amount of substance present at time t years and Q0

and k are positive constants.

c) If there was 25kg of the substance initially, calculate how many kg

would decay in 10 years ?

Substitute =25, t=10 k~ 0.007 into equation

left after 10 years

So, 25-23.32 = 1.68 kg has decayed after 10 years

Setwork

Exercise 10.5 pg 619

DOSO Q1-12