Energy work

and power

Dr. Fatima Sharif

Energy
 Work done
 Kinetic Energy and potential energy
 Work and Kinetic Energy theorem
 Conservation of energy
 The power and efficiency
 Energy possessed by a body is the capacity of the body to do work.

Energy is a theme that appears in all branches of science. It links a wide

range of phenomena and enables us to explain them.
There are different ways in which energy can be stored and, when
something happens, it is likely to be due to energy being transferred from
one store to another.
Energy is a concept that plays a key role in an enormous range of
applications .
Energy transfer is needed to enable people, computers, machines and other
devices to work and to enable processes and changes to occur
Some forms of energy:
 Mechanical:
 Kinetic energy (associated with motion, within system)
 Potential energy (associated with position, within system)
 Chemical
 Nuclear
 Electrical
 heat
 Wind ,sound and electromagnetic energy (light )
Chemical energy
Food and fuels, like oil, gas, coal and wood, are concentrated stores of chemical
energy. The energy of food is released by chemical reactions in our
bodies, and during the transfer to other stores we are
able to do useful jobs.
Fuels cause energy transfers when they are burnt in an engine.
Batteries are compact sources of chemical energy, which in use is transferred by an
electric current
potential energy
This is the energy an object has because of its
position

Any moving object has kinetic energy

Nuclear energy
The energy stored in the nucleus of an atom is known
as nuclear energy. It can be transferred to other energy stores in nuclear
reactions such as fission and fusion

In addition to electrical working, mechanical working, electromagnetic waves

and heating, energy can be transferred between stores by other types of waves,
such as sound waves
Some energy transfers
a Potential energy is transferred to kinetic energy by
mechanical working (action of a gravitational force).
b Thermal energy stored in an electric fire element
is transferred by electromagnetic waves and by
heating to the environment.
c Chemical energy (stored in muscles in the arm)
is transferred to elastic energy in the bow by
mechanical working.
d Gravitational potential energy stored in the water
in the upper reservoir is transferred to the kinetic
energy of a turbine by mechanical working.
Types of energy……
Types of energy……

Kinetic

Heat GPE

Sound Elastic PE
Types
of
energy

Light Chemical

Nuclear Electrical
Types of energy…… Energy in a moving
object, eg. A
moving car

Kinetic

Heat GPE

Sound Elastic PE
Types
of
energy

Light Chemical

Nuclear Electrical
Types of energy…… Energy in a moving
object, eg. A
moving car

Kinetic Energy due to the

height of an
Heat GPE object, eg. A
skier on a slope

Sound Elastic PE
Types
of
energy

Light Chemical

Nuclear Electrical
Types of energy…… Energy in a moving
object, eg. A
moving car

Kinetic Energy due to the

height of an
Heat GPE object, eg. A
skier on a slope

Energy in a
stretched or
Sound Elastic PE
Types compressed object,
of eg. a spring
energy

Light Chemical

Nuclear Electrical
Types of energy…… Energy in a moving
object, eg. A
moving car

Kinetic Energy due to the

height of an
Heat GPE object, eg. A
skier on a slope

Energy in a
stretched or
Sound Elastic PE
Types compressed object,
of eg. a spring
energy

Energy contained
Light Chemical in food or fuel,
eg. Food and
petrol
Nuclear Electrical
Types of energy…… Energy in a moving
object, eg. A
moving car

Kinetic Energy due to the

height of an
Heat GPE object, eg. A
skier on a slope

Energy in a
stretched or
Sound Elastic PE
Types compressed object,
of eg. a spring
energy

Energy contained
Light Chemical in food or fuel,
eg. Food and
petrol
Nuclear Electrical

Energy in the flow

of electrons, eg.
A battery
Types of energy…… Energy in a moving
object, eg. A
moving car

Kinetic Energy due to the

height of an
Heat GPE object, eg. A
skier on a slope

Energy in a
stretched or
Sound Elastic PE
Types compressed object,
of eg. a spring
energy

Energy contained
Light Chemical in food or fuel,
eg. Food and
petrol
Nuclear Electrical

Energy released Energy in the flow

when the nucleus of electrons, eg.
of an atom splits A battery
Types of energy…… Energy in a moving
object, eg. A
moving car

Kinetic Energy due to the

height of an
Heat GPE object, eg. A
skier on a slope

Energy in a
stretched or
Sound Elastic PE
Types compressed object,
of eg. a spring
energy

Energy given out Energy contained

by any hot object, Light Chemical in food or fuel,
eg. The Sun, light eg. Food and
bulb. petrol
Nuclear Electrical

Energy released Energy in the flow

when the nucleus of electrons, eg.
of an atom splits A battery
Types of energy…… Energy in a moving
object, eg. A
moving car

Kinetic Energy due to the

height of an
Heat GPE object, eg. A
skier on a slope

Energy given out Energy in a

by vibrating stretched or
Sound Elastic PE
objects, eg. A Types compressed object,
loud speaker of eg. a spring
energy

Energy given out Energy contained

by any hot object, Light Chemical in food or fuel,
eg. The Sun, light eg. Food and
bulb. petrol
Nuclear Electrical

Energy released Energy in the flow

when the nucleus of electrons, eg.
of an atom splits A battery
Types of energy…… Energy in a moving
object, eg. A
moving car

Energy contained Kinetic Energy due to the

in any hot or height of an
warm object, eg. Heat GPE object, eg. A
Burning coal skier on a slope

Energy given out Energy in a

by vibrating stretched or
Sound Elastic PE
objects, eg. A Types compressed object,
loud speaker of eg. a spring
energy

Energy given out Energy contained

by any hot object, Light Chemical in food or fuel,
eg. The Sun, light eg. Food and
bulb. petrol
Nuclear Electrical

Energy released Energy in the flow

when the nucleus of electrons, eg.
of an atom splits A battery
 While most people feel that work is done when you "work
on a problem" or "do homework," physicists say work has
only been done when a force is applied to an object and
the object moves in the direction of the applied force.
Work

 The figure below illustrates work being done as a force pushes a box through a displacement. The work
done equals W = Fd.

 The dimensions of work are force (newtons times distance (meters). The product of the two, N·m, is called
the joule,
 Work
 The product of force and the amount of displacement along the line of action
of that force.

Work  Force  displacement

Units: Newton • meter (Joule)

How much work is done by a person who uses a force of

27.5N to move a trolley 12.3m?
W = F x d = (27.5N) (12.3m)
= 338.25J
 Work
 Work is done whenever a force makes something move.
 The greater the force, and the greater the distance moved, the more work is done.
 When work is done energy is transferred from one form into another.
 Work
Work

Force
W
F d
Distance
 Work
Work W=F x d

Force
W
F d
Distance
 Work
Work W=F x d

Force
W F= W
d

F d
Distance
 Work
Work W=F x d

Force
W F= W
d

F d d= W
F
Distance
Work, work, work ……
Work, work, work ……

When a force
moves an object
it does work and
energy is
transferred to
the object.
 When a force
moves an object
Work, work, work …… it does work and
energy is
transferred to
the object.

Energy supplied

Work done

Energy
transferred
I’ve got work to do….

F = Mg

W=F*Dy=MgH
F = Mg
Dy

This is the work done by the

person lifting the box.
How about the reverse?….

F = Mg

W=F*Dy
= MgH

F = Mg
 Work done by gravity.

Fg = Mg

Dy = H
Work and Energy

 When work is done on an object, the object's energy changes. For example:
 When you push a shopping cart, your work goes into increasing the cart's kinetic energy.
 When you climb a mountain, your work goes into increasing your potential energy.
 Thus kinetic energy is energy of motion; potential energy is the energy of position or
condition.
Types of energy……

Gravitational
Potential Energy

Kinetic energy
 Potential energy (Ep)
Potential energy is the energy an object has
because of its position or condition. An object above the Earth’s
surface is considered to have gained an amount of gravitational
potential energy equal to the work that has been done against
gravity by the force used to raise it. To lift an object of mass m
through a vertical height Δh at a place where the Earth’s
gravitational field strength is g needs a force equal and opposite to
the weight mg of the body. Hence work done by force = force × vertical
height= mg × Δh
the change in gravitational potential energy ΔEp = mgΔh
When m is in kg, g in N/kg (or m/s2) and Δh in m,then ΔEp is in J.
Potential Energy
Two forms of PE:
 Gravitational PE:
 energy due to an object’s position relative to the earth
 Strain PE:
This is energy an object has because of its
condition. Work has to be done to compress or
stretch a spring or elastic material and energy is
transferred to elastic strain energy
due to the deformation of an object
Potential Energy

 Potential energy is the energy due to height.

 Potential energy (PE) = mass x g x height

 (g is the gravitational constant = 10 m/s2)

 Gravitational PE
 Affected by the object’s
 weight
 mg

 elevation (height) above reference point

 ground or some other surface
 h

GPE = mgh
Potential Energy

 Eg. A sheep of mass 47kg is slowly raised through a height of 6.3m. Find the gain in
potential energy.
 PE = mgh = 47 x 10 x 6.3 = 2961J
 As an object falls, its potential energy is changed into kinetic energy.
 Kinetic energy GAINED = Potential energy LOST
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy

 Kinetic energy is the energy of movement.

 Anything moving has kinetic energy.

 Kinetic energy (KE) = ½ x mass x velocity2

 Or KE = ½ x mass x velocity x velocity

Kinetic Energy

 Eg. A car of mass 2450kg is travelling at 38m/s. Calculate its kinetic energy.

 KE = ½ x 2450 x 382 = 1,768,900J

 KE depends upon mass and speed, so a larger object travelling at greater speed has a
bigger KE.
 Let’s have a
look at a more
challenging
calculation
involving GPE
and KE
Eg. A mouldy tomato of mass 140g is dropped
from a height of 1.7m. Calculate its speed as it
hits the floor.

1. PE lost = mgh = 0.14 x 10 x 1.7 = 2.38 J

2. So KE gained = PE lost = 2.38 J = ½ mv2
3. So, 2.38 = ½ x 0.14 x v2 = 0.07 x v2
4. So, 2.38 = v2
0.07
5. So, 34 = v2 ; v = 5.38 m/s
Work and Energy

Wnet  KEf  KEi  KE

 Work = change in KE

This is called:

the Work-Energy Theorem

 Units again…

Kinetic Energy = ½mv2

m
kg 2
2

s
work = F x dist∥ same!
=1Joule
m
N m =kg 2 m
s
Work and Energy

 As the figure below indicates, work must be done to lift a bowling ball from the floor onto
a shelf.
 Even though the ball has no kinetic energy once it's resting on the shelf, the work done in
lifting the ball is not lost—it is stored as potential energy.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Work and Energy

 Energy that is stored for later use is referred to as potential energy, or PE.
 Potential energy has several forms, one of which is gravitational potential energy.
 The gravitational potential energy equals the work required to lift an object to a given
height.
 Lifting a mass m from the ground to a height h requires a force mg. Thus the work done,
and the potential energy acquired, equals force times distance, or
W = mgh
 Gravitational Potential Energy

Workgrav = -change in mgh

This is called:
“Gravitational Potential
Energy” (or PEgrav)

change
Workgrav
in PE
= -change
grav = -Work
in PE
gravgrav
 If gravity is the only force doing
work….
Work-energy theorem:

-change in mgh = change in ½ mv 2

0 = change in mgh + change in ½ mv2

change in (mgh + ½ mv2) = 0

mgh + ½ mv2 = constant

 Conservation of energy

mgh + ½ mv2 = constant

Gravitational Kinetic energy
Potential energy

If gravity is the only force that does work:

PE + KE = constant

Energy is conserved
 Conservation of Energy

 To say that energy is conserved means

that energy can never be created or
destroyed—it can only be transformed
from one form to another.
Suppose you throw a ball upward
W  K  U
What does work while it is
flying through the air?
GRAVITY K  U
Is the CHANGE in kinetic ( K  K o )  U  U o
energy POSITIVE or K  Ko  U  U o
NEGATIVE?
NEGATIVE U o  Ko  U  K
Is the CHANGE in potential EnergyBEFORE  Energy AFTER
energy POSITIVE or
NEGATIVE?
POSITIVE
A mass m at height Δh above the ground has
gravitational potential energy = mgΔh . When an
object falls, its speed increases
and it gains kinetic energy at the expense of its
gravitational potential energy. If it starts from rest
and air resistance is negligible, the kinetic energy
it has gained on reaching the ground equals the
gravitational potential energy lost by the mass
Free fall
height
(reminder)
t = 0s 80m
V0 = 0

t = 1s 75m

V1 = 10m/s
60m
t = 2s
V2 = 20m/s

t = 3s 35m
V3 = 30m/s

t = 4s
0m
V4 = 40m/s
m=1kg free falls from 80m

t = 0s mgh ½ mv2 sum

V0 = 0 h0=80m 800J 0 800J
t = 1s
V1 = 10m/s; h1=75m 750J 50J 800J

t = 2s
V2 = 20m/s; h2=60m 600J 200J 800J

t = 3s
V3 = 30m/s; h3=35m 350J 450J 800J

t = 4s
V4 = 40m/s; h4=0 0 800J 800J
A boulder of mass 4 kg rolls over a cliff and reaches the beach below with a velocity of 20
m/s. Find:
a the kinetic energy of the boulder as it lands
b the potential energy of the boulder when it was at the top of the cliff
c the height of the cliff.
Energy consistently changes forms
Conservation of Energy

 When frictional forces act on a system, such as when a car's brakes are applied,
kinetic energy is transformed into thermal energy.
 In situations where all forms of friction can be ignored, no potential or kinetic energy
is transformed into thermal energy. In this ideal case, the sum of the kinetic and
potential energies is always the same.
 The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of an object is referred to as its
mechanical energy. Thus,
mechanical energy = potential energy + kinetic energy
E = PE + KE
 This means that mechanical energy is conserved.
 Conservation of Energy
• Energy conservation may be used to solve many
physics problems.
• For example, energy conservation may be used to find
the final speed of a set of keys dropped to the floor
from a height h (see figure below).