The gas laws

Pressure of the gas

States of Matter
Gases and Pressure
Kinetic theory tells us that gases
consist of very small particles that
are constantly moving in completely
random directions.
Gases and Pressure
Kinetic theory tells us that gases
consist of very small particles that
are constantly moving in completely
random directions.

The particles have mass, so

whenever they collide with
something they exert a force on it.
In sealed containers, gas particles
will smash against the walls of the
container – creating an outward
pressure.
Gases and Pressure
Kinetic theory tells us that gases
consist of very small particles that
are constantly moving in completely
random directions.

The particles have mass, so

whenever they collide with
something they exert a force on it.
In sealed containers, gas particles
will smash against the walls of the
container – creating an outward
pressure.

If the same amount of gas is put

into a bigger container, there will be
fewer collisions with the walls of
the container, so the pressure will
decrease.
Gases and Pressure
Kinetic theory tells us that gases
consist of very small particles that
are constantly moving in completely
random directions.

The particles have mass, so

whenever they collide with
something they exert a force on it.
In sealed containers, gas particles
will smash against the walls of the
container – creating an outward
pressure.

If the same amount of gas is put

If a smaller container is used then
into a bigger container, there will be
there will be more collisions with
fewer collisions with the walls of
the walls as the particles are being
the container, so the pressure will
squashed closer together. The
decrease.
pressure will increase.
Gases and Pressure

The volume of a gas is

inversely proportional to
its pressure (at a
constant temperature).
Gases and Pressure

The volume of a gas is

inversely proportional to
its pressure (at a
constant temperature).

As the volume
gets bigger, the
gas pressure
goes down (and
vice versa).
Gas
•Gases are composed of particles that
are moving around very fast in their
container(s).

•These particles moves in straight lines

until they collides with either the
container wall or another particle,
•.
How can you explain the pressure
exerted on wall of a container by a gas
• When a molecule collides with a wall there is
change in momentum of this molecule . The force
on the wall is equal to rate of change of
molecule‘s momentum . The pressure on the
walls is the total force produced by all molecules
divided by the area of the walls . Since the
molecular motion is random the pressure is the
same on all walls .
 Characteristics of Gases
• Gases expand to fill any container.
• random motion,
• don’t attract or repel each other.
• Gases are fluids (like liquids).
• Mixtures of gases are always
homogeneous fluid
• Gases have very low
densities.
• no volume
• Gases can be compressed.

• have an avg. KE directly

related to temperature
( temp= motion= KE
 Kinetic Energy , States of Matter &
Temperature

• Gases have a higher kinetic energy because their

particles move a lot more than in a solid or a liquid
• As the temperature increases, there gas particles
move faster, and thus kinetic energy increases.
 Gas Pressure
• Just as a ball exerts a force when it
bounces against a wall, a gaseous
atom or molecule exerts a force
when it collides with a surface.

• The result of many of these

molecular collisions is pressure.

• Pressure is the force exerted per

unit area by gas molecules as they
strike the surfaces around them.
 Gas Pressure
•Gas pressure is a result of the constant movement of
the gas molecules and their collisions with the surfaces
around them.

•The pressure of a gas depends on several factors:

Number of gas particles in a given volume
Volume of the container
Average speed of the gas particles
• Pressure exerted by a gas is
dependent on the number of gas
particles in a given volume.
• The fewer the gas particles, the lower
the force per unit area and the lower
the pressure.
A low density of gas particles results in
low pressure. A high density of gas
particles results in high pressure.
 The Simple Gas Laws
• Boyle’s Law
• Charles’s Law
• pressure Law
• There are four basic properties of a gas: pressure (P),
volume (V), temperature (T),
• These properties are interrelated—when one changes,
it affects the others.
The simple gas laws describe the relationships between
pairs of these properties.
Gas Law Variables

•P pressure
•V volume
•T temperature
1. Intro to Boyle’s Law
• Imagine that you hold the tip of a
syringe on the tip of your finger
so no gas can escape. Now push
down on the plunger of the
syringe.

What happens to the volume in

the syringe?

What happens to the pressure

the gas is exerting in the syringe?
Boyle’s Law: Robert Boyle (1627–
1691)
• Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke
used a J-tube to measure the
volume of a sample of gas at
different pressures.

• They trapped a sample of air in

the J-tube and added mercury
to increase the pressure on the
gas.
They observed an inverse relationship between
volume and pressure.
Hence, an increase in one causes a decrease in
the other.
Boyle’s Law: P1V1 = P2V2
 1. Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s Law leads to the mathematical expression:
*Assuming temp is constant

P1V1=P2V2
Where P1 represents the initial pressure

V1 represents the initial volume,

And P2 represents the final pressure

V2 represents the final volume

Boyle’s Law: P1V1 = P2V2
Boyle’s Law
 Boyle’s Law
 Pressure and volume
are inversely related at
constant temperature.
 PV = K
 As one goes up, the other
goes down.
 P1V1 = P2V2
“Father of Modern Chemistry”
Robert Boyle
Chemist & Natural Philosopher
Listmore, Ireland
January 25, 1627 – December 30, 1690
Boyle’s Law

•Pressure of a gas is inversely

proportional to its volume.
Constant T and amount of gas
Graph P vs. V is curve
•As P increases, V decreases by the
same factor.
•P × V = constant
•P × V = P × V
 1. Boyle’s Law
• The pressure and volume of a gas are
inversely proportional (as one increases,
the other decreases, and vice versa
• at constant mass & temp

V
Molecular Interpretation of Boyle’s
Law

As the volume of a gas sample is decreased, gas molecules

collide with surrounding surfaces more frequently, resulting in
greater pressure.
 Explanation of Boyle’s law by kinetic molecular theory

If the volume of a gas is reduced , the molecules of the gas

Bombard walls of smaller area . The frequency of collision
between molecules and the walls of the container increases and
pressure increases .
 2. Intro to Charles’ Law
• Imagine that you put a balloon filled with gas in hot
liquid What is happening to balloon?

What will happen to the volume of the balloon?

Charles’s Law – A Molecular View

If we move a balloon from an ice water bath to a boiling water bath,

its volume expands as the gas particles within the balloon move
faster (due to the increased temperature) and collectively occupy
more space.
Charles’ Law: V1/T1 = V2/T2
2. Charles’ Law
 Charles’s Law: Volume and
Temperature
• The volume of a fixed amount of gas at a constant
pressure increases linearly with increasing
temperature in kelvins:
The volume of a gas increases with increasing
temperature.
• Kelvin T = Celsius T + 273
• V = constant × T
(if T measured in Kelvin)
2. Charles’ Law
• Charles’ Law leads to the mathematical expression:

*Assuming pressure remains constant

Charles’ Law: V1/T1 = V2/T2
Charles’ Law
 Volume of a gas varies
directly with the absolute
temperature at constant
pressure.
 V = KT
 V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
Jacques-Alexandre Charles
Mathematician, Physicist, Inventor
Beaugency, France
November 12, 1746 – April 7, 1823
2. Charles’ Law

• The volume and absolute temperature (K) of

a gas are directly proportional (an increase
in temp leads to an increase in volume)
• at constant mass & pressure

T
Charles’s Law – A Molecular View
• When the temperature of a gas sample increases, the
gas particles move faster.
Collisions with the walls are more frequent.
The force exerted with each collision is greater.
• The only way for the pressure (the force per unit area)
to remain constant is for the gas to occupy a larger
volume so that collisions become less frequent and
occur over a larger area.
3. Intro to Gay-Lussac’s( pressure Law

• Imagine you have a balloon inside a container that

ensures it has a fixed volume. You heat the balloon.

What is happening to the temp of the gas inside the

balloon?

What will happen to the pressure the gas is exerting on the

balloon?
3. Gay-Lussac’s Law
• The pressure and absolute temperature
(K) of a gas are directly proportional (as
temperature rises, so does pressure)
• at constant mass & volume

T
 pressure Law
 At constant volume,
pressure and absolute
temperature are
directly related.
 P= kT
 P1 / T1 = P2 / T2

Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac
Experimentalist
Limoges, France
December 6, 1778 – May 9, 1850
Ideal Gas Law
• The relationships that we have
discussed so far can be combined into a
single law that encompasses all of them.
 Ideal Gas Law
· By combining the gas laws we can write a
general equation.
4. Combined Gas Law
By combining Boyle’s, Charles’ and Gay
Lussac’s Laws, the following equation is
derived:

P 1V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2
Standard Conditions
• Because the volume of a gas varies with
pressure and temperature, chemists have
agreed on a set of conditions to report our
measurements so that comparison is easy.
We call these standard conditions.
STP
• Standard pressure = 1 atm
• Standard temperature = 273 K = 0 °C
 Units of Pressure
• At Standard Atmospheric Pressure (SAP)
101.325 kPa (kilopascal)
1 atm (atmosphere)
760 mm Hg N
(millimeter Hg) kPa  2
m
 Physical Characteristics of Gases
Physical Characteristics Typical Units
Volume, V liters (L)

Pressure, P atmosphere
(1 atm = 1.015x105 N/m2)
Temperature, T Kelvin (K)
Standard Temperature & Pressure

STP
Standard Temperature & Pressure
0°C 273 K
-OR-
1 atm 101.325 kPa
The volume–temperature and pressure–temperature
graphs for a gas are straight lines (Figure 1.1).
They show that gases expand linearly with
temperature. equal temperature increases cause
equal volume or pressure increases.
Kelvin Scale vs Celsius Scale
The graphs do not pass through the Celsius temperature origin (0 .C).
If they are produced backwards they cut the temperature axis at about
–273 .C. This temperature is called absolute zero because we believe it
is the lowest temperature possible. It is the zero of the absolute or
Kelvin scale of temperature. At absolute zero molecular motion ceases
and a substance has no internal energy. Degrees on this scale are
called kelvins and are denoted by K. They are exactly the same size as
Celsius degrees. Since –273 .C = 0 K, conversions from .C to K are
made by adding 273. For example
0 .C = 273 K
15 .C = 273 + 15 = 288 K
100 .C = 273 + 100 = 373 K
Kelvin or absolute temperatures are represented bythe letter T, and if
(Greek letter ‘theta’) stands fora Celsius scale temperature then, in
Temperature:
•
The Kelvin Scale
Always use absolute temperature (Kelvin) when
working with gases.

ºC
-273 0 100
K
0 273 373

C  K  273 K = ºC + 273
 Converting between Kelvin and Celsius

C  K  273 K = ºC + 273
a) 0oC =_____K
b) 100oC= _____K
c) 25oC =______K
d) -12oC = ______K
e) -273K = ______oC
f) 23.5K = ______oC
g) 373.2K= ______oC
 Example Problem 1:

A weather balloon with a volume of 2000L at a

pressure of 96.3 kPa rises to an altitude of 1000m,
where the atmospheric pressure is measured to be
60.8kPa. Assuming there is no change in the
temperature or the amount of gas, calculate the
weather balloon’s final volume.
 2:
Atmospheric pressure on the peak of Kilimanjaro can
be as low as 0.20 atm. If the volume of an oxygen
tank is 10.0L, at what pressure must the tank be filled
so the gas inside would occupy a volume of 1.2 x 103L
at this pressure?
 Example Problem3:

A birthday balloon is filled to a volume of 1.5L of

helium gas in an air-conditioned room at 293K. The
balloon is taken outdoors on a warm day where the
volume expands to 1.55L. Assuming the pressure
and the amount of gas remain constant, what is the
air temperature outside in Celsius?
 4

A beach ball is inflated to a volume of 25L of air at 15oC.

During the afternoon, the volume increases by 1L. What is
the new temperature outside?
 Example Problem:

The pressure of the oxygen gas inside a canister

with a fixed volume is 5.0atm at 15oC. What is the
pressure of the oxygen gas inside the canister if the
temperature changes to 263K? Assume the amount
of gas remains constant.
 You Try:

The pressure of a gas in a sealed canister is 350.0kPa

at a room temperature of 15oC. The canister is placed
in a refrigerator that drops the temperature of the gas
by 20K. What is the new pressure in the canister?
Gas Laws Explained – Charles’s Law
• Charles’s Law says that the volume of a gas is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature.
According to kinetic molecular theory, when we increase the
temperature of a gas, the average speed, and thus the average
kinetic energy, of the particles increases.
• The greater volume spreads the collisions out over a
greater surface area, so that the pressure is unchanged.