Subject

Hydraulics
5 lecture

teacher: PhD Hajiyeva I.Y

Archimedes' Law and its application
Archimedes of Syracuse
was
a Greek mathematician,
physicist,
engineer, astronomer,
and inventor from the
ancient city
of Syracuse in Sicily.
 A body immersed in a liquid can be in one of 3 states:
1) float to the surface,
2) remain suspended at a certain depth,
3) drown
 Consider a body
immersed in a liquid
with a density 𝛒liquid to
some depth in the form
of a rectangular
parallelepiped with mass
m, density 𝛒.
 There are 2 forces acting on the
body from the fluid side:
1) the force that tends to sink the
body:

2) the force that lifts the body to

the surface:

With the equality of these forces,

the body does not sink, nor does it
float
This is the power of Archimedes
 Archimedes' law states:
A body immersed (fully or partially) in a liquid is
affected by a total pressure force (pushing force) directed
from the bottom up and equal to the weight of the liquid in
the volume of the submerged part of the body:

Ppush = ρfluid gVsubm=

 Dividing both sides of this equation by gVsubm , we
obtain the condition for the floating of a submerged
body:

By the body floats up.

By the body is sinking.
 The ability of a floating body, taken
out of equilibrium, to return to this state
again is called stability. The weight of
the liquid taken in the volume of the
submerged part of the vessel is called
displacement, and the point of
application of the resultant pressure
(i.e., the center of pressure) is the
center of displacement.
 In the normal position
of the vessel, the center of
gravity C and the center
of displacement d lie on
the same vertical line O'-
O", representing the axis
of symmetry of the vessel
and called the axis of
navigation.
 Under the influence of external forces,
the vessel tilted at a certain angle α, part of
the vessel KLM came out of the liquid, and
part K'L'M, on the contrary, sank into it.
At the same time, we received a new
position of the displacement center d’.
We apply a lifting force R to the point d'
and continue its line of action until it
intersects with the axis of symmetry O’-O’.
The resulting point m is called the
metacenter, and the segment mC=h is
called the metacentric height.
We will consider h positive if the point
m lies above the point C, and negative
otherwise.
 The ship's equilibrium conditions:
1) If h > 0 then the vessel returns to the initial position of stable
equilibrium;
2) If h = 0, then this is a case of indifferent equilibrium;
3) If h < 0, then this is a case of unstable equilibrium, in which the ship
capsizes.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QUgXf2Rj2YQ
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CK5rqWBwhKE
The equilibrium of a Newtonian
fluid in communicating vessels
 Communicating vessels or
vases are a set of containers
containing a homogeneous fluid
and connected sufficiently far
below the top of the liquid: when
the liquid settles, it balances out
to the same level in all of the
containers regardless of the shape
and volume of the containers.
 Consider the state of equilibrium in communicating vessels of 2 different
Newtonian liquids with densities ρ1 , ρ2 . Consider some point C on the surface A-A
separating these liquids. Since the liquids are at rest, the pressures of the liquids at
point C are equal:
The pressure difference on the free surfaces of the liquids
of the left and right vessels is equal to

𝑝 2 − 𝑝1 =𝜌 1 𝑔 h1 − 𝜌 2 𝑔 h 2
Consider 3 possible cases:
1) Liquids are the same: ρ1 = ρ2 = ρ.
Then

,
2) The pressures on the free surfaces of liquids in the
vessels are equal:
p1 = p2 = p
Then
3) Pressures on free surfaces and densities of liquids
in vessels are equal to

ρ1 = ρ2, p1 = p2

Then the levels in the vessels will be equal:

h1 = h2
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDoINBF_6sE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7gm4_xtlmBg