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Turning Effect of Forces
Turning Effect of Forces
Turning Effect of Forces
TURNING EFFECT OF
FORCES
Moments
Centre of mass
Stability
Turning Effect of Forces 2
Moments
• Describe the moment of a force in terms of its turning
effect and relate this to everyday examples.
•.
Turning Effect of Forces 3
Moments
• The turning effect of a force is called its moment or
torque
Turning Effect of Forces 4
Turning Effect of Forces 5
Moment factor
• The moment of a force is bigger if the force is bigger.
• The moment of a force is bigger if it acts further from the
pivot.
• The moment of force is greatest if it acts at 90ᵒ to the
object it acts on
Turning Effect of Forces 6
Moments
• Make calculations using moment of a force = force x
perpendicular distance from the pivot and the principle of
moments.
•.
Turning Effect of Forces 7
Calculating Moment
Problem Solving
1. Calculate the moment for each of the following
(a) (b)
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Moments
• State the principle of moments for a body in equilibrium.
Turning Effect of Forces 15
Balance Beam
father’s
push
weight of girl
Principle of Moments
• Moment can be clockwise or anticlockwise.
Example
1. For the beam balance below, work out the unknown
weight?
Y
1.0 m 2.5 m
X 400 N
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Z
0.5 m
30 N 20 N
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600 N X
Turning Effect of Forces 28
Moments
• Describe how to verify the principle of moments
Turning Effect of Forces 29
Experiment
• Aim: To verify the principle of moments
• Apparatus:
1. Retort stand
2. Metre rule with drill hole at the 50 cm mark.
3. Pivot
4. 10 g slotted mass with hanger labelled W1
5. 100 g slotted mass with hanger labelled W2
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• Procedure:
1. Arrange the apparatus as shown
Turning Effect of Forces 31
• Procedure:
2. Suspend different weights, W1 and W2 at different distances d1
and d2 from the pivot.
3. Carefully adjust the distances d1 and d2 until the rule balances
horizontally.
4. Record the values of W1,W2,d1 and d2.
5. Repeat procedure 2, 3 and 4 for different values of W1,W2,d1 and
d 2.
Turning Effect of Forces 32
• Results
• For each set of results, calculate (W1 × d1) and (W2 × d2).
• Conclusion
• For each set of readings, within the limits of experimental accuracy, (W1 ×
d1) and (W2 × d2) will be equal for each set of readings.
• Hence clockwise moment equal anticlockwise moment.
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D
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B
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C
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D
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C
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D
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14. Two bags of flour are removed. What mass will balance
the remaining bags?
A. 3 kg
B. 6 kg
C. 7 kg
D. 9 kg
Turning Effect of Forces 47
14. A simple balance has two pans suspended from the ends of
arms of equal length. When it is balanced, the pointer is at 0.
15. Four masses (in total) are placed on the pans, with one or
more on pan X and the rest on pan Y.
16. Which combination of masses can be used to balance the
pans?
A. 1 g, 1 g, 5 g, 10 g
B. 1 g, 2 g, 2 g, 5 g
C. 2 g, 5 g, 5 g, 10 g
D. 2 g, 5 g, 10 g, 10 g
Turning Effect of Forces 48
Centre of mass
• Describe how to determine the position of the centre of
mass of a plane lamina.
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Centre of Mass
• The weight of an object is due to the attraction of the
Earth on all these particles.
• The centre of mass is the point through which the entire
weight of the object appears to act.
Turning Effect of Forces 53
Experiment
• Aim: To determine the centre of mass of a plane lamina
• Apparatus:
• Retort stand
• Cork
• Plumb line
• Lamina
Turning Effect of Forces 55
• Procedure:
• On the lamina, make three holes near the edge of the lamina.
• Suspend the lamina through one of the holes.
• Hang the plumb line on the pin.
• When the plumb line is steady, make a dot on the position of the
line at the edge of the lamina
• Repeat steps 2-4 for the other two holes
• Conclusion
• The point where the lines meet is the centre of mass of the body.
Turning Effect of Forces 56
Turning Effect of Forces 57
Example
1. The illustration in figure below represents a metre scale
balancing on a knife edge at 20 cm mark when a weight
of 60 N is suspended from 10 cm mark. Calculate the
weight of the ruler.
Turning Effect of Forces 59
Stability
• Describe qualitatively the effect of the position of the
centre of mass on the stability of simple objects.
Turning Effect of Forces 66
Stability
• Stability is the measure of a body’s ability to maintain its
original position.
• The degree of stability in an object's position depends on
how must its center of gravity will be changed if it is
moved.
• There are three states of equilibrium:
• Stable equilibrium
• Unstable equilibrium
• Neutral equilibrium
Turning Effect of Forces 67
Stable equilibrium
• If the body returns to its original position after being
displaced slightly it is said to be in stable equilibrium.
Explanation
If the book is lifted from one edge and
then allowed to fall, it will come back to
its original position.
Reason of stability
When the book is lifted its center of gravity is
raised. The line of action of weight passes through
the base of the book. A moment due to weight of
the book brings it back to the original position.
Turning Effect of Forces 68
Unstable equilibrium
• If the body continues to move away from its original
position after being displaced, it is said to be in unstable
equilibrium.
Explanation
If thin rod standing vertically is slightly
disturbed from its position it will not come
back to its original position.
Reason of instability
When the rod is slightly disturbed its center of
gravity is lowered . The line of action of its
weight lies outside the base of rod. The
moment due to weight of the rod toppled it
down.
Turning Effect of Forces 69
Neutral equilibrium
• If an object remains wherever it is after being displaced, it
is said to be in neutral equilibrium.
Explanation
If a ball is pushed slightly to roll, it
will neither come back to its
original nor it will roll forward rather
it will remain at rest.
A
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C
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D
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C
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B
Turning Effect of Forces 77
A
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B
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A
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B
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C
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C
Turning Effect of Forces 85
1. Why is this?
A. They would cause the bus to become unstable.
B. They would cause the bus to slow down.
C. They would increase the kinetic energy of the bus.
D. They would lower the centre of mass of the bus.