Migration

By: Group4
Members:
Threcia Butnande
Rosemarie Cordova
Francis Aile Torillo
What is Migration?
Many people from all over the world decide to move to foreign
countries to have a better life. In many cases, taking job opportunities
abroad is the reason why people migrate. Other reasons for migrations
include education, being together with loved ones, or even escaping
from danger. Migration is a multifaceted issue, and many of its aspects
are still subject to debate even today.

According to Truong and Gasper (2011), the migration comes from the
Latin word “migrare” which means to move from one place to another.
Human migration is connected to a wide range of societal and economic
issues such as labor issues, demographics, and economic development.
Migration is not a new phenomenon and is one of the drivers of
globalization, allowing people to impart their culture, ideas, traditions,
skills, and knowledge to other people in the world as they move from
one place to another.
 Types of Migration
There are two major types of migration,
namely “international migration” and
“internal migration”. However, the
third type of migration has also been
identified by scholars: “forced
migration”.
International Migration
International migration refers to a person’s
transfer of residence to a location beyond his
or her home country’s boundaries.
International migration is further classified
according to the direction and duration of the
movement. The direction of migration refers
to the movement between two or more points,
particularly the home country and the host or
foreign countries.
 Internal Migration
Internal migration, on the other hand, refers to
one’s change of residence within the country’s
boundaries, between states, provinces, cities,
or municipalities. This change in residence
may be classified based on the direction of
movement between the two geographical
classifications, that is, between rural to rural,
rural to urban, urban to rural, and urban to
urban locations
 Forced Migration
In 2016, Weinstein and Pillai proposed a third
classification of migration, which is forced
migration. Forced migration exists when a
person involuntarily moves out of the country
or location due to external factors such as
natural disasters or wars. Knowing the
difference between the types of migration is
crucial to understanding the different factors
or reasons behind it.
 Duration
The duration of international
migration refers to the length of stay
of a migrant in a foreign location.
There are at least five classifications
of migration according to duration.
Classification of Migration According to Direction of Movement

Classification Definition

Emigration The act of leaving the place of residence from the

perspective of the home country.
Immigration The act of entering a foreign country from the perspective
of the host country.
Transit migration The act of moving to a country or location without the
intent to settle, but with the intent to further move to a
different country.
Circular migration The act of departing from a country to move to another
country with the intention of going back to the place of
origin within a specific timeframe.
Return or re-migration The act of migration which refers to returning to the home
country to settle after living in a foreign country.
Classification of International Migration According to Duration

Classification Definition
Temporary migration This type of migration happens when a person’s stay in a foreign
country is limited in terms of duration.
Permanent migration This type of migration happens when a person stays in a foreign
country with the intention of settlement.
Undetermined migration This type of migration happens when the length of stay of the
person in a foreign country is unspecified in terms of duration.
Contract migration This type of migration happens when the length of stay is
regulated based on contracts. This is often the case among
migrant workers who are bound by employment contracts.
Seasonal migration This type of migration happens when the duration of stay in a
foreign country is less than a year and is repeated over a period
of time. It is usually common in various fields, such as the service
and agricultural sectors.
Who Are Considered as Migrants?
People who decide to move from one place to
another are considered migrants . There are
several classifications used to describe the
different kinds of migrants. One way of
classifying migrants is based on the direction
of their migration flows. According to this
classification, migrants can either be
emigrants, immigrants or refugees .
 Classification of Migrants Based on Migration Flows
Classification Definition
Emigrant An emigrant is a person who leaves their home country to live in
a foreign country. For example, from the Philippines’ perspective,
a Filipino who resides in the United States is an emigrant.
Immigrant An immigrant is a person who enters a foreign country to settle.
For example, from the perspective of the United States, Filipinos
who reside in their country are immigrants.
Refugee A refugee is a person who has moved to a foreign country due to
serious risks brought about by problems in their home country,
such as war, persecution, and violence.
There are other criteria that serve as bases for classifying migrants, namely “time-
space criteria”, “the state perspective”, and “cause” . The “time-space criteria”
for classifying migrants are based on both the duration of stay and the destination
of the migrant after arriving at the host country. For example, those who intend to
stay within the host country may either be temporary or permanent migrants,
depending on the duration of their stay. On the other hand, those who have other
destinations beyond the host country can be further classified into return migrants
(those who intend to return to their home country after a period of time), repeat
migrants (those who intend to return to their home country and back to the host
country), and onward migrants (those who intend to move to a di fferent host
country after staying in the current host country).
The “state perspective “ is based on the migrant’s
right to residency, according to his or her
documentation. In this perspective, migrants can
either be documented (those who are staying legally)
or undocumented (those who are staying illegally or
irregularly). States usually provide different benefits
for the different types of residency. In most cases,
undocumented immigrants are not eligible to receive
benefits from many state welfare programs. This is a
major concern since migrants and citizens have the
same needs (e.g., healthcare, education, and social
services) regardless of status or documentation.
Lastly, migrants can also be
classified according to the cause of
their migration or the primary
reasons for their movement. These
underlying causes and reasons will
be discussed in the following
section.
 Why Do People Migrate?
There is no single underlying cause
for migration. People migrate for a
variety of reasons, which may be
categorized into the following:
economic, social, political, or
environmental reasons.
 Categories of Reasons for Migration
Classification Definition
Economic Economic migration refers to a
person’s movement to another place
due to an employment opportunity or
a job offer.
Social Social migration means moving or
migrating to be with family or loved
ones.
Political Political migration refers to the
movement of people to another
country to escape a negative political
climate or war.
Environmental Environmental migration is a
movement that stems from risks
brought by natural disasters, such as
floods and earthquakes.
Examples
A person accepts an offer to work as
an engineer in an international
company and transfers to a foreign
country permanently.
A person moves to another country to
stay with his fiancé, a foreigner.
The Jewish people returned to
present-day Israel after experiencing
persecution during World War II.
A family left their province due to the
dangers of living within a landslide-
prone area.
The different reasons why people migrate are also
affected by the push and pull factors. Push factors are
those that make people depart a certain place, whereas
pull factors are factors in the new location that entices
people to move there. For example, the scarcity of
lucrative job opportunities in the Philippines may be
one of the push factors that led Filipino workers to
move to other countries. On the other hand, the
availability of high-paying jobs in other countries is
the pull factor that has encouraged them to work in
other countries.