Active and Passive Control

Ahmed Mohammed
Ahmed
Otefah El-Sheikh Mohammed
Dorra
Basem Osami Mohammed
Awad
Mostafa Samir
Ismail
CAIRO UNIVERSITY ACTIVE & PASSIVE
FACULITY OF ENGINEERING DYNAMIC CONTROL
Agenda
• Introduction
• Background
• Why we use dynamic control?
• What are the types of dynamic control?
• Analysis Application( Active & Passive)
• Conclusion !!
• References
•Introduction
High rise buildings are more sensitive to lateral loads

(wind & seismic), which induced additional straining actions
which may cause instability or collapse in structures, so the
Structural control for civil structures was born out of a need
to provide safer and more efficient designs.
• Kobe Japan 1995

– Magnitude 6.9
– 5,480 deaths
– $150 billion in damages
1995 Kobe Earthquake
1
Agenda
• Introduction
• Background
• Conclusion !!
• References
•Background
•Evolution of structural control in the world
More than 100 years ago
-Wood house placed on ball bearings (Jone Milne, P.F. of
engineering in Japan).
1950’s
-Linear system theory application to the structural dynamics.
1960’s
-Base isolation for low-rise and medium-rise structures and bridges.
•Characteristics of base isolation
-Filters high frequencies of the ground acceleration.
-Lengthens the natural period of vibration to about 2s.
1972 ~
-Active structural control (concepts form Yao 1972).
-Hybrid structural control.
-Semi-active structural control.
2
Agenda
• Introduction
• Background
•Why we use dynamic control?
• Conclusion !!
• References
The purpose of structural control is to absorb and to

reflect the energy introduced by dynamic loads such as
winds, waves, earthquakes, and traffic. Today, the protection
of civil structures from severe dynamic loading is typically
achieved by allowing the structures to be damaged.
Un Controled Controled
Control of Structures
• We can summarize our Goals as following
-Reduce stress.
-Reduce displacement.
-Reduce acceleration.
Envelop of B.M. for Time History analysis
3
Agenda
• Introduction
• Background
• Conclusion !!
• References
•What are the types of dynamic control?
1.Active Control
•Use sensors on structure to detect response
•Actuators apply force to counteract building movement
•Requires substantial power
•Instability an issue
-Time step of control signal
-Power fluctuations during seismic event
4
Actively controlled Kyobashi Seiwa building in Tokyo, Japan.
5
Experimental explain the Active Control strategy Shaker plate

Excitation source
Accelerometer
Collocated Sensor and Actuator in the Vertical String
Experimental Setup
6
7
2.Passive Control
•Oldest and most common control

method.
•Cannot change damping properties
•Requires no power
•Relatively inexpensive
Dampers absorb some of the
horizontal forces exerted on tall buildings,
minimizing the stress applied to the
structure.
•Examples
-Viscoelastic Dampers.
-Fluid Damper.
-Friction dampers.
-Rubber Isolator.
8
Slotted Bolted Connection
Sumitomo Friction Damper

3.Semi-Active Control
•Uses response from structure to
vary
damping properties.
•Utilize minimal power compared View of
building
to Active.
•Power to change devices
damping properties.
•With lack of power still
retains damping properties.
•Examples
-Semi-Active Stiffness
Damper.
9
Agenda
• Introduction
• Background
• Conclusion !!
• References
•Active Control Analysis

Now, we will know How to estimate the affect
of Active Control device through this following
Test.
This test was scaled to a cable-stayed
bridges it’s main span is 750 meters, and
future projects are expected to exceed 1000
meters. These structures are very flexible,
because the strength of high performance
materials increases faster than their stiffness;
as a result, they become more sensitive
to wind and traffic-induced vibrations.
Control
The control is based on a force sensor measuring the tension in the
cable collocated with the active tendon. A correctly selected feedback
algorithm produces a very stable and robust energy absorbing controller.
•Passive Control Analysis

We can see the comparing between three frames are used
different types of control [ without any control, Dampers and the
last one with Rubber Isolation. The analysis was made by applying
Time History Function Simulate the nature of E.Q. [ problem Q,
sap2000 manual ].
Without Rubber
any Isolation
Dampers
control
Frame Frame Frame

no. 1 no. 2 no. 3
Straining Actions Of Three

Types Of Control Of Frames
Bending Moment in structure Shear Force in structure element

element
From that Figures we can observe that the internal forces

in the first frame F1 is the critical but, in the other frames
F2&F3 they have small internal forces. That makes us
completely sure that the Passive Control devices are
reduced the deformation in structures.
Axial Forces in structure Axial Force in

element Dampers
Otherwise we can see that in the frame F2 the Axial force in columns
are critical than the others due to Damper Reaction.
Also we can get the Axial forces in Damper to making a proper design
as the Axial force in Damper proportional to its stiffness.
Agenda
• Introduction
• Background
• Conclusion !!
• References
-Conclusions
From that small report we can understand that
active and passive control improve the behavior of the
structures under lateral loads [ reduce stresses &
displacement] but we should have a suitable design to
take the right choice of control systems.
Agenda
• Introduction
• Background
• Conclusion !!
• References
-References
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

University of California, San Diego
9500 Gilman Drive
La Jolla, CA 92093-0411, USA
- SEMIACTIVE CONTROL OF CIVIL STRUCTURES
FOR NATURAL HAZARD MITIGATION:
ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
Richard E. Christenson, B.S.
B.F. Spencer, Jr., Director
Notre Dame, Indiana
December 2001
- Sap200manuals.
- http://www.micromega-dynamics.com
- www.earthquake.usgs.gov.

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Ahmed Mohammed

High rise buildings are more sensitive to lateral loads

• Kobe Japan 1995

1995 Kobe Earthquake

• Why we use dynamic control?

The purpose of structural control is to absorb and to

•What are the types of dynamic control?

Actively controlled Kyobashi Seiwa building in Tokyo, Japan.

Experimental explain the Active Control strategy Shaker plate

Collocated Sensor and Actuator in the Vertical String

•Oldest and most common control

Slotted Bolted Connection

Sumitomo Friction Damper

•Active Control Analysis

•Passive Control Analysis

Frame Frame Frame

Straining Actions Of Three

Bending Moment in structure Shear Force in structure element

From that Figures we can observe that the internal forces

Axial Forces in structure Axial Force in

- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

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