Chap 1

ECE-110 Digital Systems
Introductory Concepts
(Digital Fundamentals by T. Floyd, Chap.1)
George Gregoriou
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Summary
Analog Quantities
A basic audio public address system.
Summary
Analog Quantities
Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary
continuously. Analog systems can generally handle higher
power than digital systems.
Summary
Digital Quantities
Sampled-value representation (quantization) of the analog
quantity. Each value represented by a dot can be digitized by
representing it as a digital code that consists of a series of 1s
and 0s.
Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more

efficiently but can only assign discrete values to each point.
Summary
Analog and Digital Systems
Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to

take advantage of each technology. A typical CD player
accepts digital data from the CD drive and converts it to an
analog signal for amplification.
CD drive
10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier

Digital data converter Analog
reproduction
of music audio Speaker
signal
Sound
waves

Summary
Mechatronics System
Comprises of both mechanical and electronic components

Summary
Binary Digits and Logic Levels
Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which

are represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH
and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary
system.
VH(max)
In binary, a single number is HIGH
called a bit (for binary digit). A VH(min)
bit can have the value of either Invalid

VL(max)
a 0 or a 1, depending on if the
voltage is HIGH or LOW. LOW
VL(min)

Summary
Digital Waveforms
Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH

levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a
normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back
again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses.
HIGH HIGH
Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or
leading edge trailing edge leading edge trailing edge
LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1
(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

Summary
Pulse Definitions
Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time,
fall time, amplitude, and other characteristics.
Overshoot
Ringing
Droop
90%
Amplitude tW
50%
Pulse width
10%
Ringing
Base line Undershoot

tr tf
Rise time Fall time

Summary
Types of Digital Waveforms

Summary
Periodic Pulse Waveforms
Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeat in

a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is the rate it
repeats and is measured in hertz.
1 1
f  T
T f
The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a

periodic wave.
What is the period of a repetitive wave if f = 3.2 GHz?
1 1
T   313 ps
f 3.2 GHz

Summary
Pulse Waveforms Definitions

In addition to frequency and period, repetitive (periodic) pulse
waveforms are characterized by the amplitude (A), pulse width
(tW) and duty cycle. Duty cycle (DC) is the ratio of tW to T.
Volts
Pulse
width
Amplitude (A) (tW)
Time
Period, T

Summary
Clock
The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a
periodic wave.
Here, it is synchronized with a waveform representation of a

sequence
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals,of
th bits.
10 ed
Summary
Timing Diagrams
A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between
two or more digital waveforms,
A diagram like this can be observed

directly on a logic analyzer.
Summary
Serial and Parallel Data
Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel

transfer.

Summary
Serial Transmission
What is the total time required to transmit the 8 bits

contained in waveform A if a 1 MHz clock is used?
It will take only 1 μs for parallel transmission!

Summary
Basic Logic Functions
True only if all input conditions

are true.
True only if one or more input

conditions are true.
Indicates the opposite condition.

Summary
NOT (inverter)

Summary
AND Operation

Summary
OR Operation

Summary
Basic System Functions
And, or, and not elements can be combined to form
various logic functions. A few examples are:
The comparison function.

Summary
Addition function

Summary
HIGH
9 Encoder
Encoder 8
7
6 Binary code
for 9 used for
5
4 storage and/or
The encoding function used 7 8 9
3
2
1
computation
to encode a calculator 4 5 6 0
1 2 3
keystroke into a binary code

0 . +/–
Calculator keypad
for storage or for calculation.
Decoder
The decoding function used
to convert a special binary Decoder
code into a 7-segment Binary input
decimal readout. 7-segment display

Summary
The data selection function (basic multiplexing/demultiplexing

application).
Multiplexer Demultiplexer
A D
Data from Data from Data from Data from
A to D B to E C to F A to D
∆t1 ∆t1
∆t1 ∆t2 ∆t3 ∆t 1
B E
∆t2 ∆t 2
∆t3 ∆t3
C F
Switching Switching
sequence sequence
control input control input

Summary
Shift Register (in this example, each box incorporates 4 storage “cells”
or flip-flops). It moves and stores data every time it is clocked.

Summary
4-bit Serial Shift Register (each block represents one storage “cell” or flip-flop).

Summary
4-bit Parallel Shift Register (each block represents one storage

“cell” or flip-flop).

Summary
The counting function
Counter Parallel
output lines Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary
code code code code code
1 2 3 4 5 for 1 for 2 for 3 for 4 for 5
Input pulses Sequence of binary codes that represent
the number of input pulses counted.

Summary
Block diagram of a
Process Control System
tablet-bottling system.

Summary
Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)
Programmable logic devices (PLDs) are an alternative to fixed
function devices. The logic can be programmed for a specific
purpose. In general, they cost less and use less board space than
fixed function devices.

Summary
Programmable Logic Devices
Block diagram of an SPLD
A PAL device is a form of PLD that uses a combination of a

programmable AND array and a fixed OR array.
A GAL device is a form of PLD that uses a combination of re-
programmable AND array and a fixed OR array.
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 ed
th
Summary
A typical SPLD package

Summary
Block diagram of a CPLD

Summary
Typical CPLD plastic quad flat packages

Summary
Basic structure
of an FPGA

Summary
Typical ball-grid FPGA package

Summary
Basic set-up for

programming a PLD or
FPGA (graphic entry is
shown, text entry such as
VHDL can also be used)

Summary
Basic programmable logic

design flow block diagram

Summary
Fixed-function Integrated Circuits (ICs)
Cutaway view of DIP (Dual In-line Package) chip

Plastic
Chip case
Pins
The TTL series ICs, available as DIPs are

popular for laboratory experiments with logic.

Summary
An example of laboratory prototyping is shown. The circuit

is wired using DIP chips and tested.
DIP chips
In this case, testing can
be done by a computer
connected to the system.

Summary
DIP chips and surface mount chips
Pin 1
Dual in-line package (DIP) Small outline IC (SOIC)

Summary
Other surface mount technology (SMT) packages

Summary
Pin numbering

Summary
Complexity classification:
Small-scale integration (SSI): describes fixed-function ICs that have up to 10
equivalent gate circuits on a single chip. They include basic gates and flip-flops.
Medium-scale integration (MSI): describes ICs that have from 10 to 100 equivalent
gates on a chip. They include logic functions such as encoders, decoders, counters,
registers, multiplexers, arithmetic circuits, small memories, and others.
Large-scale integration (LSI): describes ICs with complexities of from more than
100 to 10,000 equivalent gates on a chip. It includes memories.
Very large-scale integration (VLSI): describes ICs with complexities of from more
than 10,000 to 100,000 equivalent gates on a chip.
Ultra large-scale integration (ULSI): describes ICs with complexities of more than
100,000 equivalent gates on a chip. It includes very large memories, large
microprocessors,
Floyd, Digital and larger single-chip computers.
Fundamentals, 10 ed
th
Summary
Test and Measurement Instruments
Digital oscilloscope

Summary
A typical digital oscilloscope front panel. Numbers below screen
indicate the values for each division on the vertical (voltage) and
horizontal (time) scales and can be varied using the vertical and
horizontal controls on the scope.

Summary
Block diagram of a
digital oscilloscope

Summary
The logic analyzer can display multiple channels of digital
information or show data in tabular form.

Summary
Simplified block diagram of a logic analyzer

Summary
Signal generators

Summary
Digital Multi-Meters (DMMs)

Summary
Test and Measurement Instruments 0.01 V
O FF V
Hz
The DMM can make three basic mV
electrical measurements:
A Ra n g e
Au to ra n g e 1s
To u c h /Ho ld 1s
10 A
V
- Voltage
40 m A COM
Fuse d
- Resistance
- Current
In digital circuits, DMMs are useful for checking power

supply voltages, verifying resistors, testing continuity, and
occasionally making other measurements.

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ECE-110 Digital Systems

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more

Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to

10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Comprises of both mechanical and electronic components

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which

bit can have the value of either Invalid

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH

(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Base line Undershoot

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Types of Digital Waveforms

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Periodic Pulse Waveforms

Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeat in

The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Pulse Waveforms Definitions

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Here, it is synchronized with a waveform representation of a

A diagram like this can be observed

Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

What is the total time required to transmit the 8 bits

It will take only 1 μs for parallel transmission!

True only if all input conditions

True only if one or more input

Indicates the opposite condition.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

The comparison function.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

keystroke into a binary code

for storage or for calculation.

code into a 7-segment Binary input

decimal readout. 7-segment display

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

The data selection function (basic multiplexing/demultiplexing

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

4-bit Parallel Shift Register (each block represents one storage

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Block diagram of an SPLD

A PAL device is a form of PLD that uses a combination of a

A typical SPLD package