Radiation heat transfer

Three mechanisms for heat transfer: conduction, convection

and radiation
 Stefan-Boltzmann formula

Surface area (m2)

Power
(watts)
q = s AT4

Absolute temperature
Stefan-Boltzmann constant (K)
5.67 x 10-8 watts/m2K4)
Incident Energy Reach A Surface
Energy reaches a surface it may
be Reflected, or absorbed , or α
ρ
transmitted.

 ρ+ α + =1

For many surface

Then: ρ+ α =1
τ
 From radiant heat point of view objects are divided into two groups, Blackbodies,
and gray bodies
 A perfect blackbody is a surface that reflects nothing and emits pure thermal
radiation for example snow or ice
 Blackbody: α=1
 Emissivity:It shows the deflection of an object relative to the black body.(
For blackbody =α =1
 A gray body is a surface that absorbs a certain proportion of the energy of a
blackbody, the constant being constant over the entire band of wavelengths
(0  ε = α < 1)

ε ~ 0.8 ε ~ 0.4
 Given by the Planck low:

Planck proved in 1901 the power issued

from a black body to a vacuum with a given
temperature and wavelength is derived from
the following relationship:
 Notice that the peak of the curve is shifted to the shorter wavelengths for the higher
temperatures.
These maximum points in the radiation curves are related by Wien’s displacement law:

T = 2897.6 µm · K

Changing the color with heat effect:

Red , Orange , yellow , green , blue , purple ,white
The problem becomes essentially one of determining the amount of energy that leaves one
surface and reaches the other. To solve this problem the radiation shape factors are defined as
F1-2 = fraction of energy leaving surface 1 that reaches surface 2

=1 =
For example:
1)

2)

L2

L1
3)
HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN NONBLACKBODIES:
 The calculation of the radiation heat transfer between black surfaces is relatively easy
because all the radiant energy that strikes a surface is absorbed. The main problem is one
of determining the geometric shape factor, When nonblackbodies are involved

J=+

q/A=?

q/A=J-G ρ+ α =1 ρ=1- α α=

J= +(1G
G=(J- )/(1- )

q/A= J-(J- )/(1- )

q/A=-(/1- )J + (/1- )

Surface Resistance to Radiation

Now consider the exchange of radiant energy by two surfaces

Space Resistance to Radiation

‫‪Then:‬‬

‫مقاومت‪/‬نیرو محرکه=‪Q‬‬
RADIATION SHIELDS
 An alternative method is to use radiation shields between the heat exchange surfaces.
These shields do not deliver or remove any heat from the overall system; they only place
another resistance in the heat-flow path so that the overall heat transfer is retarded.
Example:
1)

2)
3)
4)
5)
6)