NGEC 8

REVIEWER
Week 2

1
MORAL AGENT

MORAL DILEMMAS
 MAN AS MORAL AGENT
- Capable of acting with reference to right
or wrong
- Responsible (moral responsibility)
• THE M O N E Y M AT T E R S S E R I E S

towards behavior or decisions

- Intelligent being with power to choose
•Financial and act on the choice
- Autonomous person exercising capacity
to make moral choices
Technology Today - Makes independent, competent and
authentic choice
-Comprehend abstract moral principles
• How financialand apply
technology them
progressed to decisions
through the years
Open the link below for the Video of Moral Agent
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qthEZ2zSPWU&t=9s
 In order to be a moral agent who makes
decisions about justice and takes action
based on those decisions, one must live in
• a Msociety
THE O N E Y M AT Twith
E R S S Eothers
RIES whom they consider
to have moral rights.

•Financial In order to act morally, one must be free to

act (moral responsibility).

Technology Today A being capable of moral agency is one

who possesses the means of judging
rightly, and power to act accordingly. But
•
doing so depends on the
How financial technology progressed through the years
voluntary
exercise of his faculties.
 MORAL AGENCY
- an individual’s ability to make moral
judgments based on some notions of right or
• THE M O N E Y M AT T E R S S E R I E S

wrong, and to be held accountable for these

actions
•Financial
- normative notion that picks out the class of
being whose behavior is subject to moral
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requirements

- behavior of the moral agent is governed by

•
moral standards
How financial technology progressed through the years
 MORAL WORTH
People are always considered subjects of moral worth.

A subject
• THE M Oof
N E moral
Y M AT T Eworth
R S S E R I can
ES also include beings, such
as animals or objects such as art, that are vulnerable to
harm and have importance to moral community.

•Financial
Moral community includes all people from birth to
death. Theoretically, every person in moral community
has equal, natural rights to moral protection. All

Technology Today
members of the moral community are subjects of moral
worth.

Moral protection is given to all subjects of moral worth

• Howand thetechnology
financial rights of members
progressed ofthemoral
through years community are
most important.
 • THE M O N E Y M AT T E R S S E R I E S

Kant argues that one

•Financial can have moral worth

only if one is motivated
by morality.
Moral worth only

Technology Today
comes when you do
something because
you know that it is your
duty and you would do
it regardless of whether
• How financial technology progressed through the years you liked it.
 Moral dilemma (Ethical dilemma or Ethical
paradox) is a conflict in which a person has to
choose between two or more actions and have
moral• THE
reasons for choosing each action.
M O N E Y M AT T E R S S E R I E S

FEATURES:
•Financial
Personal dilemma is an extremely difficult situation for someone to
handle. It can be moral or non-moral.

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1. Agent is required to do each of two or more actions;
2. Agent can do each of the actions; and
3. Agent cannot do both or all the actions.

Note: Agent is condemned to moral failure and no matter what

• How financial technology progressed through the years

he/she does, he/she will do something wrong.

TYPES OF MORAL DILEMMA • THE M O N E Y M AT T E R S S E R I E S

There are several types of moral dilemmas, but the most common of them are categorized into the
following:

•Financial
1. Epistemic and Ontological Dilemmas
2. Self-imposed and World-imposed Dilemmas
3. Obligation Dilemmas and Prohibition Dilemmas

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4. Single Agent and Multi- persona Dilemmas
5. False Dilemma and False-moral Dilemmas

• How financial technology progressed through the years

Types of Moral Dilemma

Epistemic conflict involves conflicts between two or more moral

requirements and the agent does not know which of the
• THE M O N E Y M AT T E R S S E R I E S
conflicting requirements take precedence in the situation.
Opponents and supporters of dilemmas acknowledge that there

•Financial
are epistemic conflicts

Example:

Technology Today
I ought to honor my promise to my son to be home early, but on
my way home I saw a sick old man who needs to be brought to
the hospital. Where does my actual duty lie?
• How financial technology progressed through the years
Types of Moral Dilemma

Ontological conflict involves conflicts between two or more

• THE M O N E Y M AT T E R S S E R I E S
moral requirements, and neither is overridden. The agent does
not know both which of the requirement is stronger or weaker.

•Financial
Any genuine moral dilemmas are ontological.

Example:

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You are capable to donate an organ to your mom or dad who
needs organ transplant. But you only need to choose 1 between
them.
• How financial technology progressed through the years
Types of Moral Dilemma

Self-imposed/ Self-inflicted
• THE M O N Edilemma
Y M AT T E R S S E Roccurs
IES because of a
prior personal mistake. It is a situation that has been caused by
the individual’s mistakes or misconduct

Example: •Financial
Technology
Herod's birthday, Today
A classic example is the Bible story about King Herod. On
his stepdaughter Salome danced so well that
he promised to give her whatever she wanted.
• How financial technology progressed through the years
Types of Moral Dilemma

• THE M O N E Y M AT T E R S S E R I E S

World-imposed dilemma is a situation where events that we

can’t control have created an unavoidable moral conflict. An
•Financial
individual must resolve a moral dilemma, even though the cause
of it is beyond his/her control.

Example:
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Times of war or bankruptcy
• How financial technology progressed through the years
Types of Moral Dilemma
Obligation dilemma is a situation where we feel we are obliged to opt
for more than one choice. We feel we are obliged to carry out an
• THE M O N E Y M AT T E R S S E R I E S
action from a moral or legal standpoint.

Example:
•Financial
Lee Shin Boom is a paralyzed man from the waist down, seemingly all
alone, enjoying some sun at the edge of the lake in his wheelchair. He
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notices a young man drowning in the lake. Because of his condition it
seems plausible to say that he is not obligated to jump in and save the
drowning man. He is not obligated to do so because he cannot do so.
If he had the opportunity to save him (i.e., he miraculously regained
• How financial technology progressed through the years
feeling in his legs) we would say that he was obligated to save him.
Types of Moral Dilemma
Prohibition dilemma is the opposite of obligation dilemmas. The
choices that are offered• THE
to us are all, on some level, morally
M O N E Y M AT T E R S S E R I E S
reprehensible or forbidden. They can all be considered as wrong,
but we must choose one. They could be illegal, or just plain

•Financial
immoral. An individual must choose between what would normally
be considered as prohibited.

Example:
Technology Today
Politician’s promises the informal settlers for relocation but the
relocation area is a reserved area and can’t be used for relocation
area. • How financial technology progressed through the years
Types of Moral Dilemma
Single-agent dilemma in this situation the agent “ought, all
things considered, to do A Mought,
• THE O N E Y M ATall
T E R Sthings
S E R I E S considered, to do B,

and she cannot do both A and B. In other words, the moral

agent is compelled to act on two or more equally the same
•Financial
moral options but she cannot choose both.

Example:

SupposedTechnology Today
a counselor heard that his client is planning to
commit suicide. For sure the counselor may experience tension
between legal requirements to report
• How financial technology progresseditthrough
and the
the desire to
years
maintain the law of confidentiality.
Types of Moral Dilemma
Multi- person dilemma In this dilemma, the situation is such
that one agent, P1, ought to do A, a second agent, P2, ought to
do B, and though each• agent
THE M O N Ecan
Y M AT Tdo
E R S what
S E R I E S he ought to do, it is

not possible both for P1 to do A and P2 to do B.

The multi-person dilemma occurs in situations that involve
•Financial
several persons like a family, an organization, or a community
who is expected to come up with consensual decision on a
moral issue at hand.

Example:Technology Today

A family may tear between

• How choosing
financial technology tothrough
progressed terminate
the years or prolong the
life of a family member.
Types of Moral Dilemma
False dilemma is a situation
• THE M O N Emay
Y M AT T resemble
ERS SERIES real dilemma in that
decision-maker must decide between two options that are both
undesirable in some way.

Example: •Financial
earn extraTechnology Today
Cheating client feels wrong, but so does turning down chance to
money.

• How financial technology progressed through the years

Types of Moral Dilemma
False moral dilemma• applies
THE M O N E Y to
M ATconflict-of-interest
TERS SERIES situations
with only superficial similarities to real dilemmas.

•Financial
Conflict between dilemmas and temptations.

Example:
Technology
The professionals may claim that they areToday
facing moral
dilemmas when, for example, opportunities arise to overcharge
clients. • How financial technology progressed through the years
 Moral Dilemma is a situation where:
- A person is presented with two or more
actions and all of which he has the ability
to• THE
perform.
M O N E Y M AT T E R S S E R I E S

- There are moral reasons for a person to

•Financial choose each of the actions.

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- A person cannot perform all the actions
and has to choose which action, or actions
when there are three or more choices to
perform.
• How financial technology progressed through the years
 Kidder (2005) suggested that, although there are
countless potential moral dilemmas, they tend to
• THE M O N E Y M AT T E R S S E R I E S

fall into FOUR PATTERNS:

•Financial
 Truth versus Loyalty
 Individual versus Community
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 Short term versus Long term
 Justice versus Mercy
• How financial technology progressed through the years
 Levels of Moral
Development based
on Kohlberg’s Theory
• ofS Development
THE M O N E Y M AT T E R S S E R I E

•Financial  Pre-conventional
 Conventional
 Post conventional
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• How financial technology progressed through the years
 THE M O N E Y M AT T E R S S E R I E S

Financial
Technology
Today
How financial technology progressed through the years
3 LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMA

1. P E R S O N A L - • experienced and
THE M O N E Y M AT T E R S S E R I E S
resolved on the
personal level.
Examples:
•Financial
* If someone makes conflicting promises, he faces a
moral conflict.
Technology Today
* When an individual has to choose between the life of a
child who is about to be delivered and the child’s mother,
he faces an ethical dilemma.
• How financial technology progressed through the years
2 . O R G A N I Z AT I O N A L - ethical cases encountered
and resolved by social • THE organizations
M O N E Y M AT T E R S S E R I Eare
S organizational
moral dilemmas, and arise in professional work, business,
medical field, and public sector.
Examples: •Financial
* Hospital believes that human life should not be
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deliberately shortened.
* Unpreventable pain should not be tolerated encounters a
conflict in resolving whether to withdraw life
• How financial technology progressed through the years
support from a
dying patient.
3 . S T R U C T U R A L - cases involving network of
institutions and operative
• THE M O theoretical
N E Y M AT T E R S S E R I Eparadigms
S and
encompass multi-sectoral institutions and organizations.
Examples:
•Financial
* Prices of medicine in the Philippines which are higher
compared to other countries in Asia and in countries of
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similar economic status.
* Application of the Universal Healthcare system of the
Philippines. •
How financial technology progressed through the years
A P P L I C AT I O N
Identify whether the situation is Moral or Personal dilemma.
Why?
• THE M O N E Y M AT T E R S S E R I E S

*The parents of AAA are separated. Since he loves them both,

•Financial
he has the choice to live with his father, to live with his mother, or
to live away from them.

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let his family Today
*BBB comes with a situation where he has to decide whether to
starve or to steal food from someone else.

*CCC and DDD are friends and candidates for magna cum laude
and suma cum laude, respectively. DDD saw CCC cheat during
• How financial technology progressed through the years

their final exam.