THERMO-

CHEMISTR
Y
CHAPTER:
Objectives:
Explain the energy changes during chemical
reactions.

Distinguish between exothermic and

endothermic process

Explain the first law of dynamics

Understand the relationship of heat and

work and energy
 Thermochemistry
- branch of chemistry concerned with heat and
energy changes accompanying a chemical and
physical reactions.

Energy
- the capacity to do work or to produce heat.
2 Types
• Potential Energy
• Kinetic Energy
Law of conservation of energy
“In any chemical or physical process, energy can
neither be created nor destroyed but it can be
transformed from one form to another.”
Initial State:
Ball A’s PE > Ball B’s PE
Initial – Final State:
(Ball A) PE ↓ = ↑ KE

Final State:
Initial ball A’s PE > Ball B’s PE
in final state.

(A) PE → (A)KE = (B) KE + Heat

Components of energy:
Δenergy = Heat (q) + Work (w)
Energy transfer between Done when a force
two objects due to acts through a
temperature difference distance

Heat flows from warmer

to cooler
SI unit Joule (J)

Path functions – property of system whose values depend

on transition from initial to final state.
State functions – property of system that depends only
on its present state and not on the path taken.
Universe has 2 parts:
- System, the part which we chose to study.
- Surroundings, the part with w/c the system interacts.
Types of System
Open System Closed System Isolated System
Both energy and matter can Energy can be transferred Neither energy nor matter is
be transferred between a between the system and its exchanged between the
system and its surroundings. surroundings, but not system and its surroundings.
matter.
 2 Process of Heat flow:
Exothermic Process Endothermic
- Energy flows out Process
from the system into - Reaction absorbs
the surroundings. energy from the
surroundings.
Thermodynamics
◦ - “thermes” – heat, “dynamo”- power
- deals with the study of energy and its tansformation.

1st Law of Thermodynamics

“The energy of the universe is constant”
- Law of conservation of energy
energy lost by the system = energy gained by the
surroundings.
Relationship between ΔE, q & w
◦ (q) and (w) > 0, (+), heat/work enters the
system from surroundings.
◦ (q) and (w) < 0, (-), heat/work transfer from
system into surroundings.
q w ΔE Description

+ + + Internal energy increases

- - - Internal energy decreases
+ - +/-
Depends on magnitude of q and w
- + -/+
Sample Problem:
1. Calculate ΔE if 100 kJ of heat energy is
absorbed by the system and 30 kJ of
work is done on surroundings.
Given:
q = + 100 kJ (absorbed by the system)
w = - 30 kJ (done by system)
ΔE = ?
Solution:
ΔE = q + w
= 100 kJ + (-30 kJ)
ΔE = 70 kJ or 70 000 J
 Exercise:
1. Calculate ΔE for a system undergoing exothermic process in
which 2.56 kJ of heat flows and where 140 J of work is done on
the system.
ΔE = - 2, 420 Joules
2. If a surroundings has 25J of heat added to it, and the total
change in its internal energy is 10J, how much work does it do?

W = 35 Joules
3. The temperature of a liquid is raised by heating it with 650
joules of energy. It expands and does 330 joules of work on
surroundings, calculate the change in internal energy of the
liquid.

ΔE = 320 Joules
 Exercise:
4. Consider the following reaction in a container with a
movable piston:
A(l) + B(l) = C(g)
The ΔE for this reaction is 760 J. As the piston moves
up, the system absorbs 839 J of heat from its
surroundings.
a) Is work done on the system?
Work is done on the surroundings.
b) How much work was done?
W = - 79 J
Work and Heat
 WORK
Most common type of work associated with chemical
reaction is work done by a gas (expansion) or work
done on a gas (compression). Known as pressure-
volume work.
Work = Force x Distance
w = F x ΔH

w = P x A x ΔH

Figure. (a) The piston, moving a distance Δh against a pressure

w = P x ΔV
(P), does work on the surroundings. (b) Since the volume of
a cylinder is the area of the base times its height, the change
in volume of the gas is given by Δh x A = v.
P (atm) x ΔV (L) = W ( L· atm) Description:
Decreasing (-) Work done on the Gas is being
External system (+) compressed.
Pressure Increasing Work done on the Gas is expanding.
(+ ) surroundings ( - )

Note: Conversion of L· atm to Joules

1 L· atm = 101.32 J
Sample Problem:
1) What is the quantity of work, in joules, done by the
gas if it expands against a constant pressure of 0.980
atm and the change in volume (ΔV) is 25.0 L.

Solution:
w = - P ΔV
= - (0.980 atm) (25.0 L)
= - 24.5 L· atm
Apply conversion factor between L·atm and J:
w = - 24.5 L· atm x

w = - 2.48 x 103 J
Exercise:
1 What is the work done on a gas, in joules, when the
gas is compressed from an initial volume of 35.0 L
to a final volume of 23.5 L under a constant
pressure of 0.987 atm?
w = 1 150 Joules or 1.15 x 103 J
2) 1 mole of an ideal gas is expanded isothermally from
volume of 8 L to 20 L against constant external
pressure, when pressure-volume work obtained is -
44.9 L·atm. Find the constant external pressure.
P = 3.74
atm
 HEAT
Energy transfer between a system and surrounding due
to temperature difference.
CALORIMETRY
- science of measuring heat changes/flow in a chemical
reaction.
Calorimeter
- device used to measure the heat changes.
Calorie (cal)
- unit for measuring energy before.
- The amount of heat required to raise temperature of
1 g of H2O by 1 °C.
Heat Capacity (C) of substance
- Amount of heat required to change
system’s temperature by 1°C.
- Has a unit of J/°C or J/K.
- It is an extensive property
 Sample Problem:

Csmall pan = 18, 140 J

50 °C
1) Two iron pans, small and = 363 J/°C
large takes 18, 140 J and
90,700 J to raise the
CLarge pan = 90, 700 J
temperature by 50 °C,
respectively. What is the heat 50 °C
capacity of the iron pans? = 1,814 J/°C
Specific Heat Capacity (c)
- Quantity of heat required to raise temperature
of 1 g of substance by 1 °C.
- Has a unit of J/g°C or J/gK.
- It is an intensive property.
 Common Specific Heat capacity Common Specific Heat
Substances (J/g°C) Substances capacity (J/g°C)

Water (l) 4.18 Silver 0.23

Water (s) 2.11 Gold 0.129
Water (g) 2.00 Clay 1.4
Brass 0.38 Sand 0.29
Aluminum 0.897 Granite 0.79

Iron 0.45 Glass 0.84

Copper 0.39 Olive oil 1.97

Lead 0.13 Ethyl

2.46
alcohol
 Sample problem:

csmall pan = 18, 140 J

(808 g) 50 °C

1) Two iron pans, with a mass of = 0.449 J/g°C

808 g and a mass of 4, 040 g
takes 18, 140 J and 90,700 J to cLarge pan = 90, 700 J
raise the temperature by 50 °C, (4,040 g) 50 °C
respectively. What is the specific = 0.449 J/g°C
heat capacity of the iron pans?
Exercise:
1) A piece of unknown solid substance weighs 437.2
g, and requires 8460 J to increase its
temperature from 19.3 °C to 68.9 °C.

a) What is the specific heat of the substance?

c = 0.390 J/g °C

b) If it is one of the substances found in Table 1,

what is its likely identity?
- Copper
Activity
Illustrate real life application of 3
exothermic process and 3 endothermic
process in one picture/scenario only.BE
CREATIVE! (It can be digitally
drawn/hand-drawn)